Javaeg : diforc'h etre ar stummoù

Patrom:Peurunvan

Krogit e-barzh !
Un danvez pennad eo ar pennad-mañ ha labour zo d'ober c'hoazh a-raok e beurechuiñ.
Gallout a rit skoazellañ Wikipedia dre glokaat anezhañ. 

Ur yezh malayek-polinezek eo ar javaeg (basa Jawa pe basa Jawi) komzet gant 80-100 milion den a dud en holl evel yezh kentañ pe c'hoazh evel eil yezh.

The Javanese language is part of the Austronesian family, and is therefore related to Indonesian and Malay. Many speakers of Javanese also speak Indonesian for official and business purposes, and to communicate with non-Javanese Indonesians.

Although not currently an official language anywhere, Javanese is by far the Austronesian language with the largest number of native speakers. At least 45% of the total population of Indonesia are of Javanese descent or live in an area where Javanese is the dominant language. It is therefore not surprising that Javanese has a deep impact on the development of Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), the national language of Indonesia, which is a modern dialect of Malay.

Javanese can be regarded as one of the classical languages of the world, with a vast literature spanning more than 12 centuries. Scholars divide the development of Javanese language in four different stages:

• Old Javanese, from the 9th century
• Middle Javanese, from the 13th century
• New Javanese, from the 16th century
• Modern Javanese, from 20th century (this classification is not used universally)

Javanese is written with the Javanese script, (a descendant of the Brahmi script of India), Arabo-Javanese script, Arabic script (modified for Javanese) and Latin script.

There are three main dialects of Modern Javanese: Central Javanese Eastern Javanese Western Javanese.

The Central Javanese variant, based on the speech of Surakarta (and also to a degree of Yogyakarta), is considered as the most "refined" Javanese dialect. Accordingly standard Javanese is based on this dialect.

Western Javanese, spoken in the western part of the Central Java province and throughout the West Java province (particularly in the north coast region), contains dialects distinct for their Sundanese influences and which still maintain many archaic words. The dialects include North Banten, Banyumasan, Tegal, Jawa Serang, North coast, Indramayu (or Dermayon) and Cirebonan (or Basa Cerbon).

Eastern Javanese speakers range from the eastern banks of Kali Brantas in Kertosono to Banyuwangi, comprising the majority of the East Java province, excluding Madura island. However, the dialect has been influenced by Madurese, and is always referred to as Surabayan speech. Since 2003, an East Java local television station (JTV) has broadcast some of its programmes in East Javanese dialect. Three such programmes are Pojok kampung (News), Kuis RT/RW and Pojok Perkoro (a criminal programme).

The most aberrant dialect is spoken in Balambangan (or Banyuwangi) in the eastern-most part of Java. It is generally known as Basa Osing. Osing is the word for negation and is a cognate of the Balinese tusing, Balinese being the neighbouring language directly to the east. In the past this area of Java was in possession of Balinese kings and warlords.

Javanese speech varies depending on social context, yielding three distinct styles, or registers. Each style employs its own vocabulary, grammatical rules and even prosody.

In Javanese these styles are called:

1. Ngoko is informal speech, used between friends and close relatives. It is also used by persons of higher status to persons of lower status, such as elders to younger people or bosses to subordinates.
2. Madya is the intermediary form between ngoko and krama. An example of the context where one would use madya is an interaction between strangers on the street, where one wants to be neither too formal nor too informal.
3. Krama is the polite and formal style. It is used between persons of the same status who do not wish to be informal. It is also the official style for public speeches, announcements, etc. It is also used by persons of lower status to persons of higher status, such as youngsters to elder people or subordinates to bosses.

In addition, there are also "meta-style" words — the honorifics and humilifics. When one talks about oneself, one has to be humble. But when one speaks of someone else with a higher status or to whom one wants to be respectful, honorific terms are used. Status is defined by age, social position and other factors. The humilific words are called krama andhap words while the honorific words are called krama inggil words. For example, children often use the ngoko style when talking to the parents, but they must use both krama inggil and krama andhap.

Below some examples are provided to explain these different styles.

• Ngoko: Aku arěp mangan (I want to eat)
• Madya: Kula ajěng nědha.
• Krama:
  • (Neutral) Kula badhe nědha.
  • (Humble) Dalěm badhe nědha.
• Mixed:
  • (Honorific - Addressed to someone with a high(er) status.) Bapak kěrsa dhahar? (Do you want to eat? Literally meaning: Does father want to eat?)
  • (reply towards persons with lower status) Iya, aku kěrsa dhahar. (Yes, I want to eat).
  • (reply towards persons with lower status, but without having the need to express one's superiority) Iya, aku arěp mangan.
  • (reply towards persons with the same status) Inggih, kula badhe nědha.

• Yezhoù malayek-polinezek

• Javanese Writing System
• Ethnologue report on Javanese