Draft:Masahar Inscription
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The Masahar Inscription is a historical inscription dating back to the Medang Kingdom, issued on the 12th day of the bright half of the month of Aśuji in the Saka year 852 (October 7, 930 CE). It was discovered at the Gemekan Site in Gemekan Village, Sooko District, Mojokerto Regency, East Java. Initially referred to as the Gemekan Inscription based on its findspot before its text was deciphered, the inscription records the decree by Mpu Sindok establishing a tract of wet-rice field in Masahar as a tax-exempt sima land attached to the Pangurumbigyan sacred sanctuary.
Discovery
[edit]The Masahar Inscription was unearthed approximately 130 cm underground near the ruins of the Gemekan temple located in the middle of a rice field owned by a local resident named Mukid. The buried ruins were traditionally considered sacred or haunted by local villagers, leaving them untouched for decades.[1]
The artifact was excavated by the East Java Provincial Cultural Heritage Preservation Office (BPCB Jatim) between February 7–12, 2022, with funding provided by the Kaloka Community Empowerment Institute (LPM) in Malang. Ismail Lutfi, an epigraphist, was appointed to study and translate the inscription's contents.[2]
Condition
[edit]The inscription was discovered in good condition, although portions of the upper-left side and about a quarter of the bottom section are missing, rendering the recorded text incomplete. Small inscribed fragments likely belonging to the missing portions were found nearby. Prior unauthorized excavation activities had caused minor damage to the northeastern corner of the temple structure, pointing to earlier looting attempts.[3]
Carved from andesite stone, the inscription measures 88 cm in width, 91 cm in surviving height, and 21 cm in thickness. It is roughly pentagonal with an angled top head. The text is written in Old Javanese using the Kawi script.
Transliteration
[edit]The transliteration was carried out by Ismail Lutfi and Andi Muhammad Said, with the reading documented across three video recordings published on the official BPCB Jatim YouTube channel.[4][5][6]
| Front Side (31 lines) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Line | Old Javanese | English Translation |
| 1 | (swa)stiśakawarṣātita 852 punaḥ asuji māsa tithi dwadaśi sukla pakṣa. tu u wṛ. wāra. uttarabhadrawāda nakṣatra. ahirbuddhū déwa. | Hail, in the elapsed Saka year 852, in the long month of Asuji, on the 12th tithi of the waxing moon. The day is Tuesday (Umanis-Wuku), the lunar mansion is Uttarabhadrapada, and the presiding deity is Ahi Budbudhnya. |
| 2 | [---] (iri)kā diwasa ni ajñā srī mahārāja rakai hino pu siṇḍok śrī īśanāwikrama dharmotunggadéwa. umisor i samgat. | at that time, the command of Sri Maharaja Rakai Hino Pu Sindok Sri Isyanawikrama Dharmmotunggadewa was issued downward to the samgat |
| 3 | [---] maḍaṇḍar pu padma. anggěhan pu kuṇḍala. kumonakan ikanaŋ lmaḥ sawaḥ tarukān i masahar. watěk paḍaŋ ataganni wahuta | [---] madandar Pu Padma and anggehan Pu Kundala, both ordering that a tract of tarukan rice field located in Masahar, within the jurisdiction of Watek Padang managed by the wahuta |
| 4 | [---] kurnya tampaḥ 3 wlin iŋ mās kā 3 su 5 dé rakai hañangan lampuran wabu. muaŋ sang anakwi dyaḥ paryyangan simān susukan arpa. | [---] measuring 3 tampah, purchased for an amount of gold equivalent to 3 kati and 5 suwarna by Rakai Hanyangan as lampuran wabu together with his daughter Dyah Parryangan, and the purchased land is made into a sima |
| 5 | i saŋ hyaŋ prāsāda kabhaktyan i pangurumbigyannira i masahar. paknānya sīmā punpunana bhatāra. umyā pāra asisa madanā ri kadaŋ panguru. | for the Pangurumbigyan sacred sanctuary in Masahar, with the purpose of establishing a sima as an endowment for the bhatara. |
| 6 | [---] (kal)ilirana dé niŋ anak putu puyut muniŋ antah santāna prati santāna rakai hañangan pu wawu muaŋ sanganakbi dyaḥ parhyangan. dāyadya rikanaŋ lmaḥ sawaḥ. | [---] May this remain a permanent provision for children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and descendants down the generations of Rakai Hanyangan Pu Wawu and his daughter Dyah Parryangan, ensuring that the land |
| 7 | [---] (panguru)mbigyan i masahar. mangkana i şwa prayojana śrī mahārāja ri kanaŋ sawaḥ tarukān winli rakai hañangan lakiwi. ri kanaŋ rāma i masahar. masam. | [---] serves the interests of the Pangurumbigyan sanctuary in Masahar. Such is the royal will of Sri Maharaja concerning the tarukan rice field purchased by Rakai Hanyangan and his wife, local officials in Masahar. Masam? |
| 8 | [---] ari rāma i masahar matuha manuam. winkas si na[---]a na bapani sinta. winkas mayuha si widu bapani balun. gusti si putyaŋ bapani maṇik. tuha banua si. | [---] The village elders and youths of Masahar: the winkas Na[---]a, father of Sinta; the senior winkas Si Vidu, father of Balun; the gusti Putyang, father of Manik; the village head |
| 9 | [---] parujar si tuṇḍaŋ. winkas rarai si tyanta. awatés si kusut. hulér si kambar. matūttkan wuwusnya sapasugwahaa. tumarima i kanaŋ mas kā 3 su 5. | [---] a spokesperson (parujar) named Tundang, junior winkas Tyanta, boundary officer Kusut, irrigation supervisor (huler) Kambar, incorporating their contributions for the entire village territory, receiving 3 kati and 5 suwarna of gold. |
| 10 | [---] rakai hañangan lakibi ri kanaŋ lmaḥ sawaḥ tarukān i masahar has suddha pari suddha. mārita i kanaŋ rāma i masahar maka tarukān i kanaŋ sawaḥ bhadra. | [---] Rakai Hanyangan, husband and wife, regarding the tarukan rice field in Masahar, have fully settled the transaction, reported to the village elders of Masahar. |
| 11 | [---] saŋ hyaŋ prāsāda kabhaktyan iŋ pangurumbigyan iŋ masahar prasidḑa makasima i kanaŋ sawaḥ tarukān tan kolahulaha tkā iņ dlāha niŋ dlāha. mangang iŋ si. | [---] The sacred sanctuary of Pangurumbigyan in Masahar is officially established as a sima encompassing the tarukan rice field, which shall remain undisturbed for all eternity. |
| 12 | [---] kryan bini haji rakai śrī manggala i tawaṇḍara. pasaŋ nya mas ku 1 sarwwa wija dala dali. umijillakan asuji māsa tan bya dhai pā. kinon rakai ha. | [---] The King's wife, Rakai Sri Manggala of Tawandara, is presented with 1 kupang of gold and various sacred seeds. This land shall yield produce every Asuji month to defray the maintenance costs of the sanctuary. The designated rakai official ordered is |
| 13 | [---]n sumrahakū in kanaŋ mas rikaŋ rāma i masahar. saŋ dimal. i na kambak. wanta. tada. tatra sāksi rakryān i tajuŋ dyaḥ Wo[---]oh dyaḥ mana | [---] in that proceeding, presenting the gold to the village elders of Masahar: Sang Dimal, I Na Kambak, Wanta, Tada. The witnesses present are Rakryan Tajung named Dyah Wo[---]oh, Dyah Mana, |
| 14 | [---] dyaḥ hujuŋ rakryān i lmaḥ tulis dyaḥ pang[---]uā wungan. i mābā dyaḥ waryyaŋ. matéhér sumusuk i kanaŋ lmaḥ sawaḥ tarukān i masahar mā rī watak pa | [---] Dyah Hujung, Rakryan Lemah Tulis Dyah Pang[---]ua Wungan, from Maba Dyah Waryyang; at that moment, the tarukan rice field in Masahar within the region of |
| 15 | (daŋ). anuŋ humaṛp i kanaŋ susukkan sīma. samgat lama lampuran pu boga. i susukkan saŋ piliḥ mas, muaŋ saŋ warabas. juru kalula saŋ bama. citrale | Padang was formally established. Present during the sima establishment ceremony were samgat lama Lampuran Pu Boga, Sang Pilih Mas, Sang Warabas, and herald (juru kalula) Sang Bama, along with |
| 16 | (ka) guṇakantan. i yanggěhan saŋ kakaran pu munda juru wa(dwa)rarai pu tiñjro. hanapiṇa sākṣī rakai wulat patiḥ dyaḥ dehel. samgat mataun. mu | scribe (citraleka) Gunakantan, accompanied by anggehan Sang Kakaran Pu Munda, and junior guard (juru wadwararai) Pu Tinjro. Other witnesses include Rakai Wulat Patih Dyah Dehel and samgat Mataun. |
| 17 | (aŋ) dyaḥ ratū winaiḥ wḍihan hlai 1 sowaŋ sowaŋ. wi[---]ḍrelah a wayaŋ si tamblaŋ abañol harama pramuka agandur si cleŋ pramuka ḍiṇḍi si waha a | Furthermore, Dyah Ratu and each of them received one piece of cloth. Including [---] Drelah, the puppeteer (wayang) Si Tamblang, comedians, lead dancer (agandur) Si Celeng, Dindi, |
| 18 | tuwuŋ si labhaṇa si bangawan. juru hulun iŋ jaya mula. kapua winaiḥ wḍihan hlai 1 sowaŋ. nayaka ri kanaŋ wanua i masahar saŋ wigata winaiḥ mā 5 wḍihan kāru | Tuwung, Si Labhana, Si Bangawan, and head servant (juru hulun) Si Jaya Mula, all of whom received one piece of cloth. The village headman (nayaka) present in Masahar, Sang Wigata, received 5 masa of gold and |
| 19 | ka yu 2 partaya i rikanaŋ wanua si bhayī winai mā wḍihan hlai 1 bwatoḥ rakryān hawaŋ dhana suntan wiga si tira bapani papi winaiḥ wdihan hlai 1 sowaŋ. ku | 2 sets of cloth. The local adjudicator (partaya) Si Bhayi received 2 masa of gold and 1 piece of cloth; Rakryan Hawang Dhana Suntan (Wiga) and Si Tira, father of Papi, each received 1 piece of cloth. |
| 20 | naŋ yan hana wangkay kābunan kapaŋguha i rikanaŋ śimā mā 5 maparaha i rikanaŋ rāma i jro manua. pinanumbasakan tekanaŋ śimā lmaḥ riŋ kabalan wluranha wannani wulě | Should an unburied corpse be discovered within the sima, a fine of 5 masa shall be levied against the local village elders. Regarding the purchase of the kabalan sima land and its irrigation channel, |
| 21 | ya. tumwasanya de rakai hañangan muaŋ rakai parhyangan su 1 mā 5 śinima atěhěr. pawaiḥ parāma i sangkani kangulě mā 2 angkan tahn hanata lmaḥ iŋ kakala nganta | purchased by Rakai Hanyangan and Rakai Parhyangan for 1 suwarna and 5 masa, it was established as a sima on that day. The endowment grant from pawaih parama i sangkani kangule for the sima land is expected to yield 2 masa annually, |
| 22 | mpu hani wwayui nikanaŋ winli riŋ mā 2 siŋ ṇi nya dpa 2 panumwasan rakai hañangan. saŋ jéni. saŋ swaran. parṇnah hani kanaŋ śima tarukān i masahar swatantra tan | along with other land for waterways acquired for 2 masa measuring 2 dpa, purchased by Rakai Hanyangan, Sang Jeni, and Sang Swaran. The purpose is for the tarukan sima land in Masahar to enjoy autonomy (swatantra), free |
| 23 | katamāna dé saŋ mānak katrīṇi. pangkur. tāwan. tirip. muaŋ wadihati makudur. patiḥ. wahuta saprakāra niŋ mangilala drabya haji iŋ dangū. miśra paramiśra wulu wulu sukā | from interference by the tax-collecting officials known as Sang Manak Katrini (comprising pangkur, tawan, and tirip), as well as the wadihati, makudur, patih, wahuta, and all traditional royal revenue collectors (mangilala drabya haji) of former times, including misra paramisra and wulu wulu, |
| 24 | [---] tiŋ. padham. manimpiki. paranakan. limusgaluḥ. pangaruhan. taji. watu taja. sukun. halu warak. rakadut. pinilai kataŋgaran. tapahaji. (db)arha | [---] ting, padham, manimpiki, paranakan, limusgaluh, pangaruham, taji, watu tajam, sukun, halu warak, rakadut, pinilai katanggaran, tapahaji, dbarha |
| 25 | [---] bwallab. kalangkaŋ. kutak. tangkil. trpan. salukgut. tuha dagaŋ. juru gusali. maŋrumbai. maŋguńjai. tuhān mwu. tuhān hańjaman. tuhān juḍi. juru jalir | [---] bwallab, kalangkang, kutak, tangkil, terpan, salukgut, tuha dagang, juru gusali, mangrumbai, manggunjai, tuhan muwu, tuhan hanjaman, tuhan judi, juru jalir |
| 26 | [---] ikan. maṇiga. sikpan. rumwān. wilaŋ wanua. wiji kawaḥ. tingkis. māwī miśra hino. wli hapu. wli tambaŋ. wli pañjut. wli haṛŋ. paguluŋ. pabi | [---] ikan, maniga, sikpan, rumwan, wilang wanua, wiji kawah, tingkis, mawi misra hino, wli hapu, wli tambang, wli panjut, wli hareng, pagulung, pabi |
| 27 | [---] purutan. dampulan. tpuŋ kawuŋ. suŋ suŋ panguraŋ. pasukalas. payungan. sipat wilut. prangin nangin. sa mā waśya. dalapan. [---] | [---] purutan, dampulan, tepung kawung, sung sung pangurang, pasukalas, payungan, sipat wilut, prangin nangin, sa ma wasya, dalapan, [---] |
| 28 | [---] (ska)rtahun. panusuḥ. mahaliman. kdhi walyan. widumangiduŋ. sambal sumbul huluna[-]i[-]i | [---] (ska)rtahun, panusuh, mahaliman, kdhi walyan, widumangidung, sambal sumbul huluna[-]i[-]i, |
| 29 | [---] i masahar. kéwalā bhaṭāra i saŋ hyaŋ prāsāda kabhaktyan [---] | [---] in Masahar, solely dedicated to the Bhatara at the sacred sanctuary [---] |
| 30 | [---] (kadyā)nggā niŋ mayaŋ tanpa wuaḥ. walūrumambat ri natar | [---] like an unopened palm blossom that bears no fruit, or a creeping melon vine spreading across the courtyard |
| 31 | [---]n wuriniŋ kikir. mamuk [---] | [---] actions or words inciting anger in others, rampage [---] |
| Back Side (32 lines) | ||
| Baris | Bahasa Jawa Kuno | Bahasa Indonesia |
| 1 | sapanghiŋ i riya. knā na saka lwiḥnya dé saŋ mangilala. (dra)byahaji tan. aditan. i ri kānaŋ kālamada | Such are the various exactions of the royal revenue collectors (mangilala drabyahaji). At this auspicious moment, |
| 2 | sa akan rakai hañangan pasambaḥ i srī mahārāja mas su [---] (wḍi)han tapis yu 1 rakai sirikan pu amanaindra | Rakai Hanyangan presented tribute to Sri Maharaja consisting of gold valued at [---] suwarna and 1 pair of tapis cloth, followed by Rakai Sirikan named Pu Amanaindra, |
| 3 | rakai wka pu balyaŋ. samgat momaḥumaḥ kāliḥ maḍaṇḍar. aŋgěha(n). tiruan dapunta taritip. inaŋsěan pasakpasak mas | Rakai Wka Pu Balyang, both samgat momahumah Madandar and Anggehan, and the tiruan Dapunta Taritip, each receiving official gifts (pasak-pasak) of gold |
| 4 | su 1 mā 5 wḍihan tapis yu 1 sowaŋ sowaŋ. amrāti hawaŋ wicakşaņa. maŋhuri paņḍa(mu)an. halaran. pu guņotama. paŋgil hyaŋ pu glo. inaŋsěan pasakpasa | valued at 1 suwarna and 5 masa, along with 1 pair of tapis cloth each. Those receiving gifts included Amrati Hawang Wicaksana, Manghuri, Pandamuan, Halaran, Pu Gunotama, and panggil hyang Pu Gelo, receiving gifts |
| 5 | k mā 10 wḍihan cadar yu 1 sowaŋ sowaŋ. susuhan pu sěsěk. manuŋkung [---] dā. wadihati saŋ dinakara. makudur pu balawān. inaŋsěan pasakpa | of 10 masa of gold and 1 pair of cadar cloth each. Susuhan Pu Sesek, manungkung [---], wadihati Sang Dinakara, and makudur Pu Balawan received gifts |
| 6 | sak mas su 1 mā 5 wḑihan tapis yu 1 sowaŋ sowaŋ. tuhān i wa(d)ihati 2 mira miraḥ saŋ halaŋ pahaŋ. halaran saŋ lburpoh. tuhān i | of 1 suwarna and 5 masa of gold and 1 pair of tapis cloth each. The two senior officials (tuhan) of the wadihati: mira mirah Sang Halang Pahang and halaran Sang Lburpoh. The senior official of |
| 7 | makudur 2 watu waléŋ saŋ ramuña. saŋ tpusan winaiḥ pasakpasak mā 1. (wḍi)han cadar yu 1 sowaŋ. panguraŋ i wadihati saŋ rawungū manuŋgū saŋ howanta | the makudur: watu waleng Sang Ramunya and Sang Tapusan, receiving 1 masa of gold and 1 pair of cadar cloth each. The pangurang of the wadihati, Sang Rawungu, and the manunggu, Sang Howanta; |
| 8 | i makudur saŋ rakběl. manuŋgū saŋ kulumpaŋ. winaiḥ pasakpasak mas mā 5 wḍih(an) cadar yu 1 sowaŋ sowaŋ. saŋ tuhān iŋ pakaraṇān juru kanayakān i ha | at the makudur, Sang Rakbel, and manunggu Sang Kulumpang, receiving 5 masa of gold and 1 pair of cadar cloth each. The senior officials of the Pakaranan and the administrative officers (juru kayanakan) of |
| 9 | ji samgat gunungan pu tungan pu tuntun juru wadwā rarai saŋ raguyu. juru kalula pu bali. kaṇḍa m(u)hi dapunta géṣṭa. citraléka niḍi. prakāśa. parujar i sirikan hujung galuḥ i | the royal court (haji), samgat of Gunungan Pu Tungan and Pu Tuntun, junior guard Sang Raguyu, herald Pu Bali, recorder Dapunta Gesta, and scribes Nidi and Prakasa, alongside the spokespersons of Sirikan and Hujung Galuh |
| 10 | wka wiridiḥ. i kanuruhan saŋ rokat. i sbaŋ wimala. i srāngan saŋ satyaka. i ma(saha)r saŋ catra. i yanggěhan saŋ widya. i tiruan sumudan. i mamrāti saŋ tu | Wka Wiridih, Kanuruhan Sang Rokat, Sbang Wimala, Srangan Sang Satyaka, Masahar Sang Catra, Yanggehan Sang Widya, Tiruan Sumudan, and Mamrati Sang |
| 11 | ruhan. winaiḥ pasakpasak mas su 1 mā 5 kinabaihanira. saŋ citraléka i ha(lu) winaiḥ pasakpasak mas su 1 mā 5 kinabaihanira. patih juru kāliḥ wasa | Turuhan, all receiving a collective gift of 1 suwarna and 5 masa of gold. The scribe of Halu received a gift of 1 suwarna and 5 masa of gold. The two executive assistants (patih juru kalih) |
| 12 | saŋ kayu matěb. tuwi saŋ buka. winaiḥ pasakpasak mas su 1 mā 5 wḍihan cadar yu (1) sowaŋ. parujar piŋsor hyaŋ paṣkaran winaih mas mā 2 ku 2 wḍihan cadar hlai 1 | Sang Kayu Mateb and tuwi Sang Buka received 1 suwarna and 5 masa of gold and 1 pair of cadar cloth each; the junior spokesperson at Hyang Paskaran received 2 masa and 2 kupang of gold and 1 piece of cadar cloth |
| 13 | sowaŋ. lumaku manusuk i wadihati saŋ howangka. lumaku manusuk i makudur s(a[---])pyan. winaiḥ pasakpasak mas mā 8 wḍihan cadar yu 1 sowaŋ. wadwā haji | each. The officiating wadihati surveyor Sang Howangka and officiating makudur surveyor s(a[---])pyan received 8 masa of gold and 1 pair of cadar cloth each. The royal guards (wadwa haji) |
| 14 | lumaku manusuk saŋ raliṇḍiḥ. kahuripan. winaiḥ pasakpasak mas mā 8 wḍihan (ca)dar yu 1 sowaŋ. pinakamanggalya niŋ manusuk śīma dangu pāddhyāya i bkal | serving as surveyors, including Sang Ralindih of Kahuripan, received 8 masa of gold and 1 pair of cadar cloth each. Heading the demarcation ritual as chief leader of the sima boundary-setting was |
| 15 | artha hétoḥ mārawijaya. inaŋsěan pasakpsak mā 8 piŋhai maŋhaṛěpbaba(k) i bawaŋ saŋ toloboŋ. piŋhai maŋhaṛěpbabak i paḍaŋ saŋ kuṭa. winaiḥ pasa | Artha Hetoh Marawijaya, receiving 8 masa of gold. The boundary commissioners (pinghai mangharepbabak) of Bawang, Sang Tolobong, and Padang, Sang Kuta, received |
| 16 | kpasak mas su 1 mā 5 wḍihan tapis hlai 1 sowaŋ. piŋhai lampuran puṇḍuḥ i [---]aru. tāldhua. mabuwur baruṇa. śila. usi. tarila. lépé. loka. winaiḥ | 1 suwarna and 5 masa of gold and 1 piece of tapis cloth each. The pinghai lampuran [---]aru, Mabuwur, Baruna, Sila, Usi, Tarila, Lepe, and Loka received |
| 17 | pasakpasak mas su 2 mā 8 kinaibaihan. wḍihan ragi hlai 1 sowaŋ sowaŋ. [---] hapunduḥ i siguṇuŋ manuruŋ. kangsangan. mangunduḥ. gaṇḍut. mārgga. kuṇḍū winaiḥ | 2 suwarna and 8 masa of gold each, along with 1 piece of ragi cloth each. [---] Hapunduh of Sigunung, Manurung, Kangsangan, Mangunduh, Gandut, Margga, and Kundu received |
| 18 | pasakpasak mas su 2 mā 8 kinaibaihan. wḍihan ragi hlai 1 sowaŋ sowaŋ. piŋhai pu [---] i malanggat. dapungku bocéŋ. utaŋ. bajra. manujéna. sāca. taběḥ surā | 2 suwarna and 8 masa of gold each and 1 piece of ragi cloth each. The pinghai officials [---] of Malanggat, namely Dapungku Boceng, Utang, Bajra, Manujena, Saca, Tabeh, |
| 19 | ni. danéṣṭi. banjir. jaya winaiḥ pasakpasak mas su 2 mā 8 kinaibaihannya. wḍiha(n) ragi hlai 1 (so)waŋ. parujar piŋhai winaiḥ pasakpasak mā 5 wḍihan ragi hlai 1 | Surani, Danesti, Banjir, and Jaya, received 2 suwarna and 8 masa of gold and 1 piece of ragi cloth each. The pinghai spokespersons received 5 masa of gold and 1 piece of ragi cloth. |
| 20 | wahuta maŋhaṛěpbabak i bawaŋ mapapan cakuṭa. kasugihan. burīn. mandamu wi(nai)ḥ pasakpasak mas su 1 mā 5 kinabaihannya wḍihan ragi hlai 1. wahuta | The wahuta mangharepbabak of Bawang Mapapan, namely Cakuta, Kasugihan, Burin, and Mandamu, received 1 suwarna and 5 masa of gold and 1 piece of ragi cloth each. The wahuta |
| 21 | lampuran. wagal. cétra. lumpat. bodhi. winu. ślut. nakā. sūngan. samayi [---] racaḥ gunung. piddhi. purul. huraŋ. winaiḥ pasakpasak mas su 2 kinabaihanya wḍi | Lampuran, Wagal, Cetra, Lumpat, Bodhi, Winu, Slut, Naka, Sungan, Samayi [---] Racah, Gunung, Piddhi, Purul, and Hurang received 2 suwarna of gold each and |
| 22 | han ragi hlai 1 sowaŋ sowaŋ. wahuta i paḍaŋ. pagěruyuŋ. géṣṭa. labdha. cétrī. [---] satū. horambat. sumuta. kangaḥ. gamaka. śilara. jalutū. lpas. tungga. mangu | 1 piece of ragi cloth each. The wahuta officials in Padang, Pageruyung, Gesta, Labdha, Cetri, [---], Satu, Horambat, Sumuta, Kangah, Gamaka, Silara, Jalutu, Lpas, Tungga, Mangu |
| 23 | [---]or. lajur. kocor. winaiḥ pasakpasak mas su 6 mā 8 kinabaihanya (wḍi)han kāruka hlai 1 sowaŋ sowaŋ. wahuta maŋhaṛěpbabak i wsi wsi waya | [---]or, Lajur, and Kocor received 6 suwarna and 8 masa of gold each and 1 piece of karuka cloth each. The wahuta mangharepbabak in Wsi Wsi Waya |
| 24 | [---]. ku gagas. bhuwi. winaiḥ pasakpasak mas su 6 mā 8 kinabaihanya wḍiha(n) raka hlai 1 sowaŋ sowaŋ. rāma tpisiriŋ milu pinaka sāksi ri kāŋ susukan śima | [---], Ku Gagas, and Bhuwi received 6 suwarna and 8 masa of gold each and 1 piece of raka cloth each. The village elders of the surrounding border lands serving as witnesses during the sima boundary demarcation |
| 25 | i wurarau winkas saŋ partha rāmani sotan. tuhakalaŋ sidiwut. i māñ winkas si[---]raḥ ramani handaruan. tuhakalaŋ si pkan ramani gěgěan. i cucuga winkassi | were: from Wurarai, winkas Sang Partha (father of Sotan) and tuhakalang Sidiwut; from Man, winkas Si[---]rah (father of Handaruan) and tuhakalang Si Pkan (father of Gegean). From Cucuga, winkas |
| 26 | baraḥ ramani bindyaŋ. tuhakalaŋ si sandu ramani panji. i tirim winkas si sugěŋ ramani su[---]. tuhakalaŋ papěŋ bapani rod. i lmaḥ tulis si suradewa ramani walaiŋ. si | Si Barah (father of Bindyang) and tuhakalang Si Sandu (father of Panji). From Tirim, winkas Sugeng (father of Su[---]) and tuhakalang Papeng (father of Rod). From Lmah Tulis, Si Suradewa (father of Walaing) and |
| 27 | sulya. i maṛsmu winkas siracuk ramani banghěk. tuhakalaŋ si bawul ramani pa[---]san. i yanggit winkas si pātra rani magum. tuhakalaŋ si giduḥ ramani bama | Si Sulya. From Marsmu, winkas Siracuk (father of Banghek) and tuhakalang Si Bawul (father of Pa[---]san). From Yanggit, winkas Si Patra (father of Magum) and tuhakalang Si Giduh (father of |
| 28 | n. i mabuwur winkas si sukět ramani agra. tuhakalaŋ sikali. i jangga winkas [---]makadi ramani ṣadraḥ. tuhakalaŋ si pingul ramani cama. i padaŋ winkas sicatu (ra) | Baman). From Mabuwur, winkas Si Suket (father of Agra) and tuhakalang Sikali. From Jangga, winkas [---]makadi (father of Sadrah) and tuhakalang Si Pingul (father of Cama). From Padang, winkas Sicatura |
| 29 | mani buhak. tuhakalaŋ siudik ramani rat. i padaŋ winkas sikabul bapani rama [---]. tuhakalaŋ si ḍabaḥ bapani padma. i rambai rāma kabayan sā(m)ba śā | (father of Buhak) and tuhakalang Siudik (father of Rat). From Padang, winkas Sikabul (father of Rama [---]) and tuhakalang Si Dabah (father of Padma). From Rambai, rama kabayan Samba |
| 30 | [---]n(ka)s si bancar bapani lancaŋ. sikaṇḍi bapani aṇḍur. tuhakalaŋ siraddiŋ. i tubuŋ (wi)nkas si luka bapani yukti. iŋ jayamuka winkas si tadaḥ bapani | [---] winkas Si Bancar (father of Lancang), Sikandi (father of Andur), and tuhakalang Siradding. From Tubung, winkas Si Luka (father of Yukti). From Jayamuka, winkas Si Tadah (father of |
| 31 | hiran. rambai tuhakalaŋ wurawan bapani panahilan. sidungut bapani [---]. i padammuan winkas si lta bapani turankil. iŋ hantakā wi[---] | Hiran). From Rambai, tuhakalang Wurawan (father of Panahilan) and Sidungut (father of [---]). From Padammuan, winkas Si Lta (father of Turankil). From Hantaka [---] |
| 32 | [---]ḥ pasakpasak mā [---] (ra)gi hlai 1 (so)waŋ sowaŋ i masahar tuhakalaŋ si śwaran wi[---] | [---] received official gifts of gold [---] and 1 piece of ragi cloth each in Masahar, along with the presence of tuhakalang Si Swaran [---]. |
| Left Side (26 lines) | ||
| Line | Old Javanese | English Translation |
| 1 | kūnya pa [---] | ? |
| 2 | yanta tpa [---] | ? |
| 3 | i wuntat. wa [---] | behind [---] |
| 4 | kuran. taruŋ ring adga(n) [---] | fighting in an arena [---] |
| 5 | i wirangan. uwahi [---] | behind, changed [---] |
| 6 | tutuh tuṇḍunya wlaḥ ka [---] | beaten and split [---] |
| 7 | ṣbittakan wtaŋnya. ranta(s) [---] | their abdomen torn open, severed [---] |
| 8 | wtuakan ḍalmanya dudu | their entrails |
| 9 | nya. pangan dagiŋnya. inum | drawn out, their flesh eaten, drunk |
| 10 | těhěr pěpěddakan wkasa(ka) | then their eyes gouged out [---] |
| 11 | [---] ṇantika. yan parā ringla | [---] If you travel to |
| 12 | nanni moŋ patuk ni ngulā pūla | a place, you shall encounter tigers and be bitten by venomous snakes, |
| 13 | niŋ dewa manya. yanpa rā ri tga(l) | receiving divine punishment. If you go to the fields, |
| 14 | layanniŋ glap sampalan niŋ rākṣa | you shall be struck by lightning, your body dismembered by rakshasas (demons), |
| 15 | panganan niŋ wuilsi pamunguan. | and devoured by the forest spirits (wuil). |
| 16 | [---] raḥ ta kita kamuŋ hyaŋ kuśi ka gargga | [---] Calling upon all of you, the divine spirits Kusi, Gargga, |
| 17 | métrī kuruṣya pātānjala. suwuk | Metri, Kurusya, and Patanjala. The curse (suwuk) |
| 18 | lor suwuk kidul kulan wétā | is invoked from the north, south, west, and east, |
| 19 | n buangakan ring ākāṣa sala | flung into the open sky, |
| 20 | mwitakkan iŋ hyaŋ kabaiḥ tibākan | cast upon all the deities, |
| 21 | riŋ mahāsamudra. klammakan riŋ dawu | hurled into the vast ocean, drowned in the deep waters |
| 22 | alapan saŋ hyaŋ jalammo. dudu | to become the meal of Sang Hyang Jalammo (the water deity) |
| 23 | tann iŋ tuwiran saŋ hawann i wuhaya | and food for the aquatic monsters and crocodiles. |
| 24 | ngkana nmatya ikanaŋ ngwaŋ anyāya | Thus shall perish anyone who acts unjustly |
| 25 | lumbur ikaiŋ lmaḥ sawa(ḥ) śīma ka | against the sacred sima rice field |
| 26 | ni masahar. | of Masahar. |
| Right Side (29 lines) | ||
| Line | Old Javanese | English Translation |
| 1 | i tlas saŋ makudur manguyut ma | After Sang Makudur completed the manguyut ritual, |
| 2 | salin sira kabaiḥ kapwa maluŋguḥ | they changed their attire and all sat down |
| 3 | iŋ tkan pusak. tumūt krama saŋha | approaching the center of the ceremony. Participating as well were the officials |
| 4 | na riŋ kon patiḥ wahuta rāma ka | the patih, wahuta, village elders (rama), |
| 5 | bayan. muaŋ rāma tpi siriŋ matuhama | kabayan, the border village elders (rama tepi siring), both senior |
| 6 | nuam. lakilaki wadwan tanha | and junior, men and women, with no one left behind, |
| 7 | nakāntun i lumanaḍah riŋ paglaran | all taking part in the ceremony at the assembly pavilion (pagelaran). |
| 8 | kinuran kuran inaŋsěan sku | Abundantly served with rice |
| 9 | l dāndāŋnan. hinirusan klakla | cooked in a large bronze pot (dandang), various side dishes, |
| 10 | ambillambil. lásan. litli | ambillambil, lasan, litlit, |
| 11 | t. tlusānak. sanga sangān. ru | tlusanak, seasoned roasted meats, |
| 12 | mba rumbaḥ kuluban. tétis. tu | rumba rumbah, boiled vegetables, tetis, |
| 13 | mpuk tumpuk. ḍeŋhanyaŋ. ḍeŋha | tumpuk tumpuk, meat jerky (dendeng), |
| 14 | sin. kakap. huraŋ. biluŋluŋ. ka | salted fish, snapper, prawns, bilunglung, |
| 15 | wan. rumahan. halahala. hanti | kawan, meat broth, river crabs, |
| 16 | gainariŋ. suṇḍa. atak. pihan | eggs, sunda, atak, milk, |
| 17 | tahulan winanganan. haryyas | tahulan, winanganan, haryyas |
| 18 | piṇḍa gangan iŋ saron 10 lén | Such was the food served in 10 large vessels, aside from |
| 19 | sangkari iwak. kusprakāra. a | the various kinds of fish and specialty dishes (kusprakara). |
| 20 | naḍah. sira kabaiḥ yatasuka. ma | Everyone partook to their heart's content, drinking |
| 21 | nginum sindhu. cinca. tuak. piŋ ti | rice wine (sindhu), cinca, palm wine (tuak), three times |
| 22 | ga sowaŋ. winuwuhan tambul i | each, accompanied by additional snacks |
| 23 | nañjapan. kurawu. kurima. asa | such as kurawu, kurima, |
| 24 | m. dwadwal. kapwa madulur malariḥ | acid fruit preserves, and dodol. All were illuminated and approached |
| 25 | umaŋsö taŋ jnu skar. anaběh ta | forward adorned with flowers, including |
| 26 | saŋ matuwuŋ. maŋ diri tasira ka | Sang Matuwung, as he stood up |
| 27 | baiḥ patiḥ pramuka. kapwa mana(ma) | along with the chief patih, all performing |
| 28 | [---]rapā sakahanān | ? |
| 28 | # | End of text marker. |
Interpretation
[edit]The inscription recounts the establishment of a tarukan rice field in Masahar village within the region of Padang as a tax-exempt sima land. This land was attached to a local sanctuary known as Pangurumbigyan (prāsāda kabhaktyan i pangurumbigyannira i masahar). The decree was issued under the command of Sri Maharaja Mpu Sindok in the Saka year 852 (930 CE), shortly after the Medang Kingdom shifted its seat of power from Central Java to East Java. Measuring 3 tampah, the land was purchased for 3 kati and 5 suwarna of gold by Rakai Hanyangan and his daughter Rakai Parryangan. Additional surrounding plots were also acquired for 1 suwarna and 5 masa of gold to construct irrigation channels ensuring the productivity of the rice fields. The village elders of Masahar received payment for the land sale, surrounding village officials attended as witnesses, and all participated in the consecration ceremony. Attendees were presented with official gifts (pasak-pasak) of gold and/or cloth, and partook in an elaborate feast of food and drinks.
The right side of the inscription records the extensive array of dishes served during the sima consecration ceremony.
The left side details the imprecations and curses (sapatha) invoked upon anyone who violates the King's decree regarding the sima land.
The Masahar Inscription is one of two primary documents that first designate Mpu Sindok (Sri Isyana) as maharaja, alongside the Linggasuntan Inscription (929 CE). The Sangguran Inscription, dated just two years prior, referred to Mpu Sindok as a subordinate military commander (mapatih) under Maharaja Dyah Wawa. This reflects the transitional period of Medang leadership between the two rulers, coinciding with the relocation of the administrative center from Bhumi Mataram (Central Java) to Tamwlang (present-day Jombang) around 853 Saka (929 CE).
References
[edit]- ↑ Budianto, Enggran Eko (2022-02-18). "Isi Prasasti Situs Gemekan Kisahkan Mpu Sindok Bangun Tempat Suci Pakai Emas". detikcom (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-03-18.
- ↑ Budianto, Enggran Eko (2022-02-18). "Isi Prasasti Situs Gemekan Kisahkan Mpu Sindok Bangun Tempat Suci Pakai Emas". detikcom (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-03-18.
- ↑ "Prasasti Mpu Sindok Ditemukan di Situs Gemekan, Apakah Isinya Kutukan? - Semua Halaman - National Geographic". nationalgeographic.grid.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-03-18.
- ↑ Pembacaan Prasasti Gemekan Bagian Sisi Depan, Mojokerto (in Indonesian), retrieved 2022-03-18
- ↑ Pembacaan Prasasti Gemekan (Sisi Belakang), Mojokerto (in Indonesian), retrieved 2022-03-18
- ↑ Pembacaan Prasasti Gemekan (Bagian Sisi Kanan dan Sisi Kiri), Mojokerto (in Indonesian), retrieved 2022-03-18