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Tux, the mascot of Linux, created by Larry Ewing

Linux (/ˈlɪnʊks/ LIN-uuks) is a family of free and open-source software Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, which was first released on 17 September 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Some members of the family are typically packaged as a distribution (a.k.a. distro), which includes the kernel alongside supporting system software and libraries developed by third parties—such as GNU, Red Hat, and X.Org—to create a complete operating system; however, not all Linux-based operating systems are considered distros, with Android being an example. Linux was originally designed as a clone of Unix and is distributed under the copyleft GPL license.

Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. The Linux kernel is considered by many to be the largest free and open source project. While originally developed for x86-based personal computers, it has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system. When combined with Android, which uses a Linux-based kernel and is designed for smartphones, they have the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems. (Full article...)

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Linux on IBM Z, Linux on zSystems, or zLinux are collective terms for the Linux operating system compiled to run on IBM mainframes, especially IBM Z, zSystems, and LinuxONE servers. Similar terms which imply the same meaning are Linux/390, Linux/390x, etc. The three Linux distributions certified for usage on the IBM Z hardware platform are Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, and Ubuntu. (Full article...)
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An example of LSB output in a terminal (Debian version 11)

The Linux Standard Base (LSB) was a joint project by several Linux distributions^[which?] under the organizational structure of the Linux Foundation to standardize the software system structure, including the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. LSB was based on the POSIX specification, the Single UNIX Specification (SUS), and several other open standards, but extended them in certain areas.

According to LSB:

The goal of the LSB is to develop and promote a set of open standards that will increase compatibility among Linux distributions and enable software applications to run on any compliant system even in binary form. In addition, the LSB will help coordinate efforts to recruit software vendors to port and write products for Linux Operating Systems.
(Full article...)
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Linux kernel 6.1.0 kernel booting, under Debian Bookworm

The Linux kernel is a free and open-source Unix-like kernel that is used in many computer systems worldwide. The kernel was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and was soon adopted as the kernel for the GNU operating system (OS), which was created to be a free replacement for Unix. Since the late 1990s, it has been included in many operating system distributions, many of which are called Linux. One such Linux kernel operating system is Android, which is used in many mobile and embedded devices.

Most of the kernel code is written in C as supported by the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), which has extensions beyond standard C. The code also contains assembly code for architecture-specific logic such as optimizing memory use and task execution. The kernel has a modular design such that modules can be integrated as software components – including dynamically loaded. The kernel is monolithic in an architectural sense since the entire OS kernel runs in kernel space. (Full article...)
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Screenshot of seinfo and semanage showing SELinux information of a policy file used by the system, users of SELinux, and file labels related to Simple Desktop Display Manager

Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a Linux kernel security module that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies, including mandatory access controls (MAC).

SELinux is a set of kernel modifications and user-space tools that have been added to various Linux distributions. Its architecture strives to separate enforcement of security decisions from the security policy, and streamlines the amount of software involved with security policy enforcement. The key concepts underlying SELinux can be traced to several earlier projects by the United States National Security Agency (NSA). (Full article...)
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Knoppix, stylized KNOPPIX (/ˈknɒpɪks/ KNOP-iks), is an operating system based on Debian designed to be run directly from a CD or DVD (Live CD) or a USB flash drive (Live USB). It was first released in 2000 by German Linux consultant Klaus Knopper, and was one of the first popular live distributions. Knoppix is loaded from the removable medium and decompressed into a RAM drive. The decompression is transparent and on-the-fly.

There are two main editions, available in both English and German: the traditional compact-disc (700 megabytes) edition and the DVD (4.7 gigabytes) "Maxi" edition. (Full article...)
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Canonical Ltd. is a privately held company supporting computer software, based in London, England. It was founded and funded by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth to market commercial support and related services for the operating system Ubuntu, and related projects. Canonical employs staff in more than 70 countries and maintains offices in London, Austin, Boston, Shanghai, Beijing, Taipei, Tokyo and the Isle of Man. (Full article...)
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This article documents the broad, wide version history of the Linux kernel, a free, open-source, and Unix-like kernel that is used on many computer systems and web servers worldwide.

Since the Linux kernel's creation by Linus Torvalds in 1991, it had rapidly gained popularity as many developers started contributing to the project. (Full article...)
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Smack (full name: Simplified Mandatory Access Control Kernel) is a Linux kernel security module that protects data and process interaction from malicious manipulation using a set of custom mandatory access control (MAC) rules, with simplicity as its main design goal. It has been officially merged since the Linux 2.6.25 release, it was the main access control mechanism for the MeeGo mobile Operating System. It is also used to sandbox HTML5 web applications in the Tizen architecture, in the commercial Wind River Linux solutions for embedded device development, in Philips Digital TV products., and in Intel's Ostro OS for IoT devices.

Between 2016-2021, Smack was required in Automotive Grade Linux (AGL) where it provided in association with other Linux facilities the base for the AGL security framework. (Full article...)
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Arch Linux using the KDE Plasma 6 desktop environment

Arch Linux (/ɑːrtʃ/) is an open source, rolling release Linux distribution. Arch Linux is kept up-to-date by regularly updating the individual pieces of software that it comprises. It provides monthly "snapshots" which are used as installation media. Arch Linux is intentionally minimal, and is meant to be configured by the user during installation to add only what is needed.

Pacman, a package manager written specifically for Arch Linux, is used to install, remove and update software packages. The Arch User Repository (AUR) serves as a community-driven software repository for Arch Linux and provides packages not included in the official repositories and alternative versions of packages. AUR packages can be downloaded and built manually, or installed through an AUR 'helper', such as Yet Another Yogurt (yay). (Full article...)
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The Linux kernel mailing list (LKML) is the main electronic mailing list for Linux kernel development, where the majority of the announcements, discussion and debates over the kernel take place. Many other mailing lists exist to discuss the different subsystems and ports of the Linux kernel, but LKML is the principal communication channel among Linux kernel developers. It is a very high-volume list, usually receiving about 1,400 messages each day, most of which are kernel code patches.

Linux utilizes a workflow governed by LKML, which is the "bazaar" where kernel development takes place. In his book Linux Kernel Development, Robert Love notes: (Full article...)
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Slackware 15.0 with KDE Plasma 5 as the desktop environment

Slackware is a Linux distribution created by Patrick Volkerding in 1993. Originally based on Softlanding Linux System (SLS), Slackware has been the basis for many other Linux distributions, most notably the first versions of SUSE Linux distributions, and is the oldest distribution that is still maintained.

Slackware aims for design stability and simplicity and to be the most "Unix-like" Linux distribution. It makes as few modifications as possible to software packages from upstream and tries not to anticipate use cases or preclude user decisions. In contrast to most modern Linux distributions, Slackware provides no graphical installation procedure and no automatic dependency resolution of software packages. It uses plain text files and only a small set of shell scripts for configuration and administration. Without further modification, it boots into a command-line interface environment. Because of its many conservative and simplistic features, Slackware is often considered to be most suitable for advanced and technically inclined Linux users. (Full article...)
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Linux began in 1991 as a personal project by Finnish student Linus Torvalds to create a new free operating system kernel. The resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to the 4.15 version in 2018 with more than 23.3 million lines of source code, not counting comments, under the GNU General Public License v2 with a syscall exception meaning anything that uses the kernel via system calls are not subject to the GNU GPL. (Full article...)
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Tux Racer is a 2000 open-source winter sports racing video game starring the Linux mascot, Tux the penguin. It was originally developed by Jasmin Patry as a computer graphics project at the University of Waterloo. Later on, Patry and the newly founded Sunspire Studios, composed of several former students of the university, expanded it. In the game, the player controls Tux as he slides down a course of snow and ice collecting herrings.

Tux Racer was officially downloaded over one million times as of October 2001. It also was well received, often being acclaimed for the graphics, fast-paced gameplay, and replayability, and was a fan favorite among Linux users and the free software community. The game's popularity secured the development of a proprietized release that included enhanced graphics and multiplayer, and it also became the first GPL-licensed game to receive an arcade adaptation. It was the only product that Sunspire Studios developed and released, as the company subsequently liquidated in 2004. (Full article...)
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In a series of legal disputes between SCO Group and Linux vendors and users, SCO alleged that its license agreements with IBM meant that source code IBM wrote and donated to be incorporated into Linux was added in violation of SCO's contractual rights. Members of the Linux community disagreed with SCO's claims; IBM, Novell, and Red Hat filed claims against SCO.

On August 10, 2007, a federal district court judge in SCO v. Novell ruled on summary judgment that Novell, not the SCO Group, was the rightful owner of the copyrights covering the Unix operating system. The court also ruled that "SCO is obligated to recognize Novell's waiver of SCO's claims against IBM and Sequent". After the ruling, Novell announced they had no interest in suing people over Unix and stated "We don't believe there is Unix in Linux". The final district court ruling, on November 20, 2008, affirmed the summary judgment, and added interest payments and a constructive trust. (Full article...)

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Release news

2026-11-03 Fedora Linux 45 released.
2026-10-18 Linux kernel 7.3 released.
2026-10-15 Ubuntu 26.10 "Stonking Stingray" released.
2026-09-16 GNOME 51 released. (announcement)
2026-08-17 Linux kernel 7.2 released.
2026-06-29 Mageia 10 released.
2026-06-16 KDE Plasma 6.7 released.
2026-06-14 Linux kernel 7.1 released.
2026-04-28 Fedora Linux 44 released.
2026-04-23 Ubuntu 26.04 LTS "Resolute Raccoon" released.
2026-04-12 Linux kernel 7.0 released.
2026-03-18 GNOME 50 released. (announcement)
2026-02-08 Linux kernel 6.19 released.
2025-11-30 Linux kernel 6.18 released.
2025-10-28 Fedora Linux 43 released.
2025-10-09 Ubuntu 25.10 "Questing Quokka" released.
2025-10-01 openSUSE Leap 16 released.
2025-09-28 Linux kernel 6.17 released.
2025-09-17 GNOME 49 released. (announcement)
2025-08-09 Debian 13 "Trixie" released.
2025-07-27 Linux kernel 6.16 released.
2025-05-25 Linux kernel 6.15 released.
2025-05-13 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10 released.
2025-04-17 Ubuntu 25.04 "Plucky Puffin" released.
2025-04-15 Fedora Linux 42 released.
2025-03-24 Linux kernel 6.14 released.
2025-03-19 GNOME 48 released. (announcement)
2025-02-11 KDE Plasma 6.3 released.
2025-01-19 Linux kernel 6.13 released.
2024-11-17 Linux kernel 6.12 released.
2024-10-29 Fedora Linux 41 released.
2024-10-10 Ubuntu 24.10 "Oracular Oriole" released.
2024-09-18 GNOME 47 released. (announcement)
2024-09-15 Linux kernel 6.11 released.
2024-07-14 Linux kernel 6.10 released.
2024-05-12 Linux kernel 6.9 released.
2024-04-25 Ubuntu 24.04 LTS "Noble Numbat" released.
2024-04-23 Fedora Linux 40 released.
2024-03-20 GNOME 46 released. (announcement)
2024-03-10 Linux kernel 6.8 released.
2024-02-28 KDE Plasma 6 released.
2024-01-07 Linux kernel 6.7 released.
2023-11-20 Rocky Linux 9.3 released
2023-11-07 Fedora Linux 39 released.
2023-10-30 Linux kernel 6.6 released.
2023-10-12 Ubuntu 23.10 "Mantic Minotaur" released.
2023-09-20 GNOME 45 released.
2023-08-27 Linux kernel 6.5 released.
2023-06-26 Linux kernel 6.4 released.
2023-06-10 Debian 12 "bookworm" released.
2023-05-16 Rocky Linux 9.2 released.
2023-05-10 AlmaLinux 9.2 "Turquoise Kodkod" released.
2023-04-23 Linux kernel 6.3 released.
2023-04-20 Ubuntu 23.04 "Lunar Lobster" released.
2023-03-22 GNOME 44 released.
2023-02-19 Linux kernel 6.2 released.
2022-12-11 Linux kernel 6.1 released.
2022-11-16 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.1 and AlmaLinux 9.1 released.
2022-11-15 Fedora Linux 37 released.
2022-10-20 Ubuntu 22.10 "Kinetic Kudu" released.
2022-10-02 Linux kernel 6.0 released.
2022-09-21 GNOME 43 released-
2022-07-31 Linux kernel 5.19 released.
2022-05-26 AlmaLinux 9 released.
2022-05-22 Linux kernel 5.18 released.
2022-05-18 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 released.
2022-05-10 Fedora Linux 36 released.
2022-04-21 Ubuntu 22.04 LTS "Jammy Jellyfish" released.
2022-03-23 GNOME 42 released.
2022-03-20 Linux kernel 5.17 released.
2022-02-02 Slackware 15.0 released.
2022-01-09 Linux kernel 5.16 released.
2021-11-02 Fedora Linux 35 released.

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The Linux API is composed out of the System Call Interface of the Linux kernel, the GNU C Library (by GNU), libcgroup, libdrm, libalsa and libevedv (by freedesktop.org).

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Silber in 2010

Jane Silber is a board member of Canonical Ltd. and was its chief executive officer from 2010 to 2017.
Silber is also the chair of the board of Diffblue (whose products include Cover, an AI-driven unit test-writing tool).

Silber joined Canonical in July 2004, where her work has included leading the Ubuntu One project and ensuring that large organizations find Ubuntu "enterprise-ready".
She partially attributes the increasing attention to user research and design in open source since 2009 to Canonical's leadership in this area.
Silber announced her transition out of the CEO role in April 2017, with Canonical founder Mark Shuttleworth resuming the position from July 2017. (Full article...)
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Andrew Morton speaking at Interop, Moscow, 2008

Andrew Keith Paul Morton (born 1959) is an Australian software engineer. He is one of the lead developers of the Linux kernel, and a co-maintainer of the Ext3 file system, the journaling layer for block devices (JBD) and memory management. (Full article...)
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Benjamin Mako Hill in 2013

Benjamin Mako Hill (/ˈbɛndʒəmɪn ˈmeɪkoʊ hɪl/) is a free software activist, hacker, author, and professor. He is a contributor and free software developer as part of the Debian and Ubuntu projects as well as the co-author of technical manuals on the subject including The Official Ubuntu Server Book (2010), The Official Ubuntu Book (2006), and Debian GNU/Linux 3.1 Bible (2005).

Hill is an associate professor in Communication at the University of Washington. (Full article...)
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Rusty Russell at linux.conf.au in January 2011

Rusty Russell is an Australian free software programmer and advocate, known for his work on the Linux kernel's networking subsystem and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. (Full article...)
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Con Kolivas is a Greek-Australian anaesthetist. He has worked as a computer programmer on the Linux kernel and on the development of the cryptographic currency mining software CGMiner. His Linux contributions include patches for the kernel to improve its desktop performance, particularly reducing I/O impact. (Full article...)
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Andries Evert Brouwer (born 1951) is a Dutch mathematician and computer programmer, Professor Emeritus at Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e). He is known as the creator of the greatly expanded 1984 to 1985 versions of the roguelike computer game Hack that formed the basis for NetHack. He is also a Linux kernel hacker. He is sometimes referred to by the handle aeb. (Full article...)
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Harald Welte, also known as LaForge, is a German programmer.

Welte is the founder of the free software project Osmocom and was formerly involved in the netfilter/iptables and Openmoko projects. He is a member of the Chaos Computer Club. (Full article...)
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David Stephen Miller (born November 26, 1974) is an American software developer working on the Linux kernel, where he is the primary maintainer of the networking subsystem and individual networking drivers, the SPARC implementation, and the IDE subsystem. With other people, he co-maintains the crypto API, KProbes, IPsec, and is also involved in other development work.

He is also a founding member of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) steering committee. (Full article...)
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Valerie Anita Aurora is an American software engineer and feminist activist. She was the co-founder of the Ada Initiative, a non-profit organization that sought to increase women's participation in the free-culture movement, open-source technology, and open source culture. Aurora is also known within the Linux community for advocating new developments in filesystems in Linux, including ChunkFS and the Union file system. Her birth name was Val Henson, but she changed it shortly before 2009, choosing her middle name after the computer scientist Anita Borg. In 2012, Aurora, and Ada Initiative co-founder Mary Gardiner were named two of the most influential people in computer security by SC Magazine. In 2013, she won the O'Reilly Open Source Award. (Full article...)
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Ingo Molnár, employed by Red Hat as of May 2013, is a Hungarian Linux hacker. He is known for his contributions to the operating system in terms of security and performance. (Full article...)
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Benjamin at Software Freedom Day, 2010

Donna Benjamin is an Australian open source community contributor, commentator and advocate. Recognised for her leadership and advocacy in the Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) movement, Benjamin has contributed to the development of open source communities in Australia and internationally.

Benjamin was the lead organiser of the volunteer run linux.conf.au conference in Melbourne in 2008. She regularly ran the Community Leadership Summit X at LCA (clsXlca), a workshop focussing on community development in open source projects, as well as community summits at DrupalCon. (Full article...)
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Peter MacDonald is a Canadian software engineer, best known as the creator of Softlanding Linux System (SLS), widely regarded as the first complete Linux distribution. Some of his work served as a foundation of Wine. He also created the Tcl web browser BrowseX, and the PDQI suite of Tcl utilities.

Current projects include Jsish, an embeddable JavaScript interpreter with builtin type-checking. (Full article...)
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Ted Ts'o in 2003.

Theodore Yue Tak Ts'o (Chinese: 曹子德; born 1968) is an American software engineer mainly known for his contributions to the Linux kernel, in particular his contributions to file systems. He is the secondary developer and maintainer of e2fsprogs, the userspace utilities for the ext2, ext3, and ext4 filesystems, and is a maintainer for the ext4 file system. (Full article...)
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Stephen C. Tweedie is a Scottish software developer who is known for his work on the Linux kernel, in particular his work on filesystems.

After becoming involved with the development of the ext2 filesystem working on performance issues, he led the development of the ext3 filesystem which involved adding a journaling layer (JBD) to the ext2 filesystem. For his work on the journaling layer, he has been described by fellow Linux developer Andrew Morton as "a true artisan". (Full article...)
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Greg Kroah-Hartman at SUSE Offices in Nuremberg, Germany, in September 2011

Greg Kroah-Hartman is a major Linux kernel developer. As of April 2013^[update], he is the Linux kernel maintainer for the -stable branch, the staging subsystem, USB, driver core, debugfs, kref, kobject, and the sysfs kernel subsystems, Userspace I/O (with Hans J. Koch), and TTY layer. He also created linux-hotplug, the udev project, and the Linux Driver Project. He worked for Novell in the SUSE Labs division and, as of 1 February 2012^[update], works at the Linux Foundation. (Full article...)

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The following are images from various Linux-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Debian 13 "Trixie" running KDE Plasma 6 in a live environment (from Debian)
Image 2Sankey diagram of Linux Kernel Source Lines of Code (from Linux kernel)
Image 3Ian Murdock, Debian's founder, in 2008 (from Debian)
Image 4TiVo DVR, a consumer device running Linux (from Linux kernel)
Image 5A fresh install of Silverblue 41 (from Fedora Linux)
Image 6Fedora 21, a version that brought experimental Wayland and HiDPI support (December 2014) (from Fedora Linux)
Image 7Fedora with the KDE Plasma Desktop, formerly one of the several official Fedora Spins. As of Fedora 42, it became an official Fedora edition alongside Fedora Workstation with GNOME. (from Fedora Linux)
Image 8Linux kernel panic output (from Linux kernel)
Image 9Cloud Ubuntu Orange Box
Image 10systemd logo (from Debian)
Image 11Boot messages of a Linux kernel 2.6.25.17 (from Linux kernel)
Image 12Logo of GNU Hurd (from Debian)
Image 13Eucalyptus interface (from Ubuntu)
Image 14Debian 4 "Etch", 2007 (from Debian)
Image 15Iceweasel logo (from Debian)
Image 16alt=UbuntuDDE logo (from Ubuntu)
Image 17An iPod booting iPodLinux (from Linux kernel)
Image 18Linus Torvalds at the LinuxCon Europe 2014 (from Linux kernel)
Image 19The official logo (also known as open use logo) that contains the well-known Debian swirl (from Debian)
Image 20The Linux Storage Stack Diagram (from Linux kernel)
Image 21Package installed with aptitude (from Debian)
Image 22Logo of Debian GNU/kFreeBSD (from Debian)
Image 23Fedora 15 (Lovelock), the first release with GNOME 3 and GNOME Shell (May 2011) (from Fedora Linux)
Image 24Debian 3.1 "Sarge" (from Debian)
Image 25Debian GNU/Hurd presenting the Xfce desktop environment running on QEMU (from Debian)
Image 26The Linux kernel supports various hardware architectures, providing a common platform for software, including proprietary software. (from Linux kernel)
Image 27Debian 3 "Woody", 2002 (from Debian)
Image 28Map of the Linux kernel (from Linux kernel)
Image 29The core values of the Fedora community (from Fedora Linux)
Image 30At XDC2014, Alex Deucher from AMD announced the unified kernel-mode driver. The proprietary Linux graphic driver, libGL-fglrx-glx, will share the same DRM infrastructure with Mesa 3D. As there is no stable in-kernel ABI, AMD had to constantly adapt the former binary blob used by Catalyst. (from Linux kernel)
Image 31Fedora Core 1.0, a continuation of Red Hat Linux with GNOME 2.4 (November 2003) (from Fedora Linux)
Image 32Debian 10 "Buster", 2019 (from Debian)
Image 33Debian 12 "Bookworm" installation menu (from Debian)
Image 34Bruce Perens, Debian project leader who drafted the Debian Social Contract (from Debian)
Image 35Redevelopment costs of Linux kernel (from Linux kernel)
Image 36Fedora Workstation 41 with its default applications (from Fedora Linux)
Image 37Four interfaces are distinguished: two internal to the kernel, and two between the kernel and userspace. (from Linux kernel)
Image 38aptitude showing AT&T KornShell package details (from Debian)
Image 39Debian 10 "Buster" box cover (from Debian)
Image 40alt=Ubuntu Asahi logo (from Ubuntu)
Image 41Ubuntu family tree^{[dubious – discuss]} (from Ubuntu)
Image 42alt=Ubuntu Sway logo (from Ubuntu)

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Did you know?

... that Shuah Khan, the first woman fellow of the Linux Foundation, "signed off" on a patch recommending the use of inclusive terminology in the Linux kernel?
... that researchers submitting to the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy intentionally introduced security bugs into Linux?

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