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Harold Urey (1893–1981) was an American physical chemist who received the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of deuterium, a heavy isotope of hydrogen. During World War II, he worked on the Manhattan Project, overseeing research into uranium enrichment for the development of the atomic bomb. After the war, he pioneered research into ancient climates using oxygen isotopes and contributed to theories about the origin of life. His hypothesis about the composition of Earth's early atmosphere provided the basis for the Miller–Urey experiment, conducted by his student Stanley Miller, which demonstrated that amino acids could form from simpler compounds. Urey later studied the Moon and its origins, examining lunar samples returned by the Apollo 11 mission. This photograph shows Urey in 1934.Photograph credit: unknown photographer; restored by Adam Cuerden