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Hyperthyroidism

From Wikipedia
hyperthyroidism
rare disease, type of disease
Subclass ofthyroid gland disease Edit
Dey afflictthyroid gland Edit
Health specialtyendocrinology Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentiopanoic acid, methimazole, propylthiouracil Edit
Genetic associationTSHR Edit
ICD-9-CM242.90 Edit
ICPC 2 IDT85 Edit
Opposite ofhypothyroidism Edit

Hyperthyroidism be a endocrine disease insyd wich de thyroid gland dey produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones.[1] Thyrotoxicosis be a condition wey dey occur secof elevated levels of thyroid hormones of any cause den therefore dey include hyperthyroidism.[1] Sam, however, use de terms interchangeably.[2] Signs den symptoms dey vary between people den fi include irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems, a fast heartbeat, heat intolerance, diarrhea, enlargement of the thyroid, hand tremor, den weight loss.[3] Symptoms typically be less severe insyd de elderly den during pregnancy.[3] An uncommon buh life-threatening complication be thyroid storm insyd wich an event such as an infection dey result in worsening symptoms such as confusion den a high temperature; dis often dey result in death.[4] De opposite be hypothyroidism, wen de thyroid gland no dey make enough thyroid hormone.[5]

Graves' disease be de cause of about 50% to 80% of de cases of hyperthyroidism insyd de United States.[3][6] Oda causes dey include multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, inflammation of de thyroid, eating too much iodine, den too much synthetic thyroid hormone.[3][4] A less common cause be a pituitary adenoma.[3] De diagnosis fi be suspected based on signs den symptoms den then confirmed plus blood tests.[3] Typically blood tests dey show a low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) den raised T3 anaa T4.[3] Radioiodine uptake by de thyroid, thyroid scan, den measurement of antithyroid autoantibodies (thyroidal thyrotropin receptor antibodies be positive insyd Graves' disease) fi help determine de cause.[3]

Treatment dey depend partly on de cause den severity of de disease.[3] Der be three main treatment options: radioiodine therapy, medications, den thyroid surgery.[3] Radioiodine therapy dey involve taking iodine-131 by mouth, wich be then concentrated insyd den dey destroy de thyroid over weeks to months.[3] De resulting hypothyroidism be treated plus synthetic thyroid hormone.[3] Medications such as beta blockers fi control de symptoms, den anti-thyroid medications such as methimazole fi temporarily help people while oda treatments dey get an effect.[3] Surgery to remove de thyroid be anoda option.[3] Dis fi be used insyd those plus very large thyroids anaa wen cancer be a concern.[3] Insyd de United States, hyperthyroidism dey affect about 1.2% of de population.[1] Worldwide, hyperthyroidism dey affect 2.5% of adults.[7] E dey occur between two den ten times more often insyd women.[3] Onset commonly be between 20 den 50 years of age.[4] Overall, de disease be more common insyd those over de age of 60 years.[3] Thyroid disorders dey affect kidney function markers wey sanso fi affect underlying kidney function. Studies suggest say creatinine fi decrease insyd hyperthyroidism den increase insyd hypothyroidism, whereas cystatin C dey show de opposite pattern.[8][9] Therefore, the effect of thyroid disorders on underlying kidney function remains debated, and it is unclear whether these changes primarily reflect alterations in kidney markers or changes in underlying kidney function.[10]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 Bahn Chair RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee MC, Klein I, Laurberg P, McDougall IR, Montori VM, Rivkees SA, Ross DS, Sosa JA, Stan MN (June 2011). "Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists". Thyroid. 21 (6): 593–646. doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0417. PMID 21510801.
  2. ↑ Schraga ED (30 May 2014). "Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Storm, and Graves Disease". Medscape. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Hyperthyroidism". www.niddk.nih.gov. July 2012. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
  4. 1 2 3 Devereaux D, Tewelde SZ (May 2014). "Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 32 (2): 277–292. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2013.12.001. PMID 24766932.
  5. ↑ NIDDK (13 March 2013). "Hypothyroidism". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  6. ↑ Brent GA (June 2008). "Clinical practice. Graves' disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (24): 2594–2605. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0801880. PMID 18550875.
  7. ↑ Lee, Sun Y.; Pearce, Elizabeth N. (17 October 2023). "Hyperthyroidism: A Review". JAMA. 330 (15): 1472–1483. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.19052. PMC 10873132. PMID 37847271. S2CID 265937262.
  8. ↑ Fricker, Manuel; Wiesli, Peter; Brändle, Michael; Schwegler, Beat; Schmid, Christoph (2003). "Impact of thyroid dysfunction on serum cystatin C". Kidney International. 63 (5): 1944–1947. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00925.x. PMID 12675875.
  9. ↑ Kimmel, Martin; Braun, Niko; Alscher, Mark Dominik (2012). "Influence of thyroid function on different kidney function tests". Kidney and Blood Pressure Research. 35 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1159/000329354. PMID 21849794.
  10. ↑ Abbaszadeh, Sorena; Lundqvist, Martin H; Ljunggren, Östen; Larsson, Anders Olof; Svensson, Maria K; Khamisi, Selwan (2025). "Estimation of kidney function in Graves' disease using creatinine and cystatin C". Endocrine Connections. 14 (5): e240698. doi:10.1530/EC-24-0698. PMID 40197406.
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