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Centrosaurus

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Centrosaurus
Scientific classification
PhylumChordata (mul) Chordata
ClassReptilia (mul) Reptilia
OrderOrnithischia (mul) Ornithischia
DangiCeratopsidae (mul) Ceratopsidae
SubfamilyCentrosaurinae (mul) Centrosaurinae
genus (en) Fassara Centrosaurus
Lambe, 1904
General information
Babban tsaton samun abinciherbivore (en) Fassara
Tsawo6 m

Centrosaurus / SEN -troh- SOR -əs ; lit.​​​​​SEN​lit. ' ) wani nau'in dinosaur ne na centrosaurine ceratopsid daga zamanin Campanian na marigayi Cretaceous na Kanada . An gano gawarsa a cikin Tsarin Dinosaur Park, tun daga shekaru miliyan 76.5 zuwa 75.5 da suka wuce. [1] Nau'in kuma nau'in da kawai ake ganin yana da inganci a yau shine Centrosaurus apertus .

Ganowa da kuma sanya suna

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Maido da rayuwa

An gano ragowar Centrosaurus na farko kuma masanin burbushin halittu Lawrence Lambe ne ya ba da suna a cikin Kogin Red Deer a Alberta. Sunan Centrosaurus yana nufin "tsuntsu mai kaifi" (daga Girkanci kentron, κέντρον, "ma'ana" da sauros, σαῦρος, "tsuntsaye") kuma yana nufin, jerin ƙananan ƙaho da aka sanya a gefen murfin su, ba ƙaho na hanci ba (waɗanda ba a sani ba lokacin da aka sanya sunan dinosaur). Ba za a rikita jinsin ba tare da Stegosaur Kentrosaurus, wanda sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci ɗaya.

Daga baya, an sami manyan ƙasusuwan Centrosaurus a cikin Dinosaur Provincial Park, kuma a Alberta. Wasu daga cikin wadannan gadaje sun kai daruruwan mita kuma suna dauke da dubban mutane na kowane zamani da dukkan matakan kammala. Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa za a bayyana yawan mutane da yawan mutane idan sun mutu yayin da suke ƙoƙarin haye kogi mai ambaliyar ruwa.[2] Binciken dubban burbushin Centrosaurus kusa da garin Alberta" id="mwQg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hilda, Alberta">Hilda, Alberta, an yi imanin cewa shine mafi girman gado na ƙasusuwan dinosaur da aka taɓa ganowa. Yankin yanzu an san shi da Hilda mega-bonebed.

Saboda bambancin da ke tsakanin jinsuna har ma da samfurori na centrosaurines, an yi muhawara da yawa game da wane nau'o'i da jinsuna suna da inganci, musamman ko Centrosaurus da / ko Monoclonius suna da ingantattun jinsuna, ba za a iya ganewa ba, ko kuma yiwuwar membobin kishiyar jinsi. A cikin 1996, Peter Dodson ya sami isasshen bambanci tsakanin Centrosaurus, Styracosaurus, da Monoclonius don tabbatar da nau'o'i daban-daban kuma cewa Styracosaurus yayi kama da Centrosaurus fiye da ko dai yayi kama da Monoclonius.

Kashi na "Monoclonius nasicornus"

Dodson ya yi imanin cewa wani nau'in Monoclonius, M. nasicornus, na iya kasancewa Styracosaurus mace.[3] An bi bincikensa a wani bangare, tare da wasu masu bincike ba su yarda da 'Monoclonius nasicornus a matsayin mace Styracosaurus ko Monoclonium a matsayin ingantaccen nau'i ba. Duk da yake an ba da shawarar dimorphism na jima'i don ƙarin ceratopsian, Protoceratops, babu wata hujja mai ƙarfi don dimorphalism na jima'in a cikin kowane ceratopsid. [4][5][6] Sauran sun haɗa da C. nasicornus tare da C. apertus, ko kuma sun dauke shi nau'in Centrosaurus daban: Centrosaurus nasicornus.[7] An kuma ba da shawarar a matsayin kakannin kai tsaye na Styracosaurus albertensis . Wani binciken 2014 na canje-canje yayin girma a cikin Centrosaurus ya kammala cewa C. nasicornus ƙarami ne na C. apertus, wanda ke wakiltar matakin ci gaba na tsakiya.[8]

Nau'in C. brinkmani, wanda aka bayyana a shekara ta 2005, an tura shi zuwa sabon nau'in Coronosaurus a shekara ta 2012. [9]

Bayyanawa

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Kwatanta girman da mutum

Centrosaurus manyan dinosaur ne, kodayake ba su da girma kamar wasu danginsu, sun kai tsawon mita 5-5.5 (16-18 da kuma 2-2.5 metric ton (2.2-2.8 gajeren ton) a cikin jiki da ke saman gaɓoɓin jiki.[10] Kamar sauran centrosaurines, Centrosaurus yana da babban ƙaho guda ɗaya a kan hanci.[2] Wadannan ƙahoni sun lankwasa gaba ko baya dangane da samfurin. An rage kayan ado na gashin kai yayin da dabbobi suka tsufa.[8] Yankin ya kasance ɗan gajeren idan aka kwatanta da jimlar tsawon kwanyar kuma zai iya girma zuwa sama da rabin mita (68.8 cm) a cikin tsofaffi da manya mafi girma.[8] 

Centrosaurus ya bambanta ta hanyar samun manyan ƙaho guda biyu waɗanda ke ƙugiya gaba a kan murfin. Ana kuma samun ƙananan ƙaho biyu a kan idanu. Farin Centrosaurus sun kasance matsakaici, tare da manyan fenestrae da ƙananan ƙaho a gefen waje.[2]

Rarraba

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Babban ƙugiya na tsinkaye na tsinkayen Centrosaurus', wanda shine halayyar ganewar asali na wannan nau'in
Cikakken kwanyar da aka shirya a cikin tsari na ontogenetic

Halitta ta Centrosaurus ta ba da sunanta ga dangin Centrosaurinae. Iyalansa mafi kusa sun bayyana su ne Styracosaurus da Monoclonius . Ya yi kama da na ƙarshe na waɗannan cewa wasu masana kimiyyar halittu sun yi la'akari da su don wakiltar dabba ɗaya.[2] Sauran mambobi na Centrosaurinae sun hada da Pachyrhinosaurus, [11] [12] Avaceratops, [13] Einiosaurus, [13] Albertaceratops [12] da Achelousaurus.[12]

cladogram ɗin da aka gabatar a ƙasa yana wakiltar nazarin phylogenetic na Chiba et al. (2017): [14]Samfuri:Clade

Paleobiology

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Hotunan AMNH 5427, Gidan Tarihi na VictoriaGidan kayan gargajiya na Victoria

Kamar sauran ceratopsids, an daidaita jawunan Centrosaurus don shear ta hanyar kayan tsire-tsire masu tsayi. Binciken manyan gadoji na Centrosaurus a Kanada ya nuna cewa dabbobi ne masu zaman kansu kuma suna iya tafiya a cikin manyan garken.[2] An san gado na ƙashi wanda ya ƙunshi Centrosaurus da Styracosaurus daga Tsarin Dinosaur Park a cikin abin da ke yanzu Alberta. Wataƙila mutuwar jama'a ta samo asali ne daga dabbobi marasa makiyaya da suka taru a kusa da rami a lokacin fari.[15] An samo Centrosaurus a ƙasa a cikin tsari fiye da Styracosaurus, yana nuna cewa Styracosaurus ya maye gurbin Centrosaurus yayin da yanayin ya canza a tsawon lokaci.

Maido da garken da ke yin iyo, kamar yadda mega-bonebeds suka yi la'akarimega-ƙashin ƙasusuwa

Babban murfin da ƙahonin hanci na ceratopsians suna daga cikin kayan ado na fuska na musamman na dukkan dinosaur. Ayyukansu sun kasance batun muhawara tun lokacin da aka gano dinosaur na farko. Ka'idoji na yau da kullun game da aikin ceratopsian frills da ƙaho sun haɗa da kariya daga masu cin nama, yaƙi a cikin jinsin, da nuni na gani. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2009 game da raunin kwanyar Triceratops da Centrosaurus ya gano cewa raunin ƙashi a kan kwanyar ya fi haifar da yaƙi na intraspecific (yaƙi daga ƙaho zuwa ƙaho) maimakon hare-haren predatory. Yankin Centrosaurus sun yi tsayi sosai don amfani da su don kare kansu daga masu cin nama, kodayake mafi kauri, mai ƙarfi na Triceratops na iya samo asali don kare wuyansu. Ana iya amfani da murfin Centrosaurus "don gane jinsuna da / ko wasu nau'ikan nuni na gani".[16]

Ilimin Paleopathology

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Wani samfurin Centrosaurus apertus da aka gano daga Dinosaur Provincial Park a shekarar 1989 an gano yana da osteosarcoma mai rauni a cikin fibula na dama. Binciken raunin ciwon daji a cikin ƙashi ya nuna cewa ciwon daji ya kai matakin tashin hankali. Ciwon daji zai haifar da mummunan rauni wanda zai sa ceratopsian ya fi fuskantar haɗari ga farauta. Koyaya, gaskiyar cewa yana cikin garken ya ba da damar Centrosaurus ya rayu fiye da yadda za a sa ran dabba da ta kamu da irin wannan mummunar cuta. An yi imanin cewa mutum da kansa ya mutu ne daga nutsewa a cikin ambaliyar ruwa da ta haifar da gadon kasusuwa na Centrosaurus inda aka samo shi. Wannan samfurin ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan dinosaur da aka samu tare da ciwon daji mai tsanani.[17]

Paleobiology

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Siffar fata ta AMNH 5427

Thomas M. Lehman ya lura cewa ba a sami burbushin Centrosaurus a wajen kudancin Alberta ba duk da cewa suna cikin dinosaurs na Judithian mafi yawa a yankin. [18] Manyan tsuntsayen ciyawa kamar su ceratopsian da ke zaune a Arewacin Amurka a lokacin marigayi Cretaceous suna da "ƙananan wurare masu faɗi" duk da girman jikinsu da kuma yawan motsi. [18] Wannan takaitaccen rarrabawa ya bambanta sosai da namun daji na zamani waɗanda manyan dabbobin da ke cin ciyawa ke rayuwa a cikinsu "na yau da kullun ... sun mamaye kusan kowace nahiya." Daga baya an bayyana sinadarin burbushin C. apertus daga sassan Tsarin Wurin Shakatawa na Dinosaur da ke Saskatchewan . [19]

Duba kuma

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  • Tsarin lokaci na binciken ceratopsian


Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Arbour, V.M., V. M.; Burns, M. E.; Sissons, R. L. (2009). "A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1117–1135. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29.1117A. doi:10.1671/039.029.0405. S2CID 85665879.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Centrosaurus." In: Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. The Age of Dinosaurs. Publications International, LTD. p. 135. ISBN 0-7853-0443-6.
  3. ↑ Dodson, P. (1996). The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 197–199. ISBN 0-691-02882-6.
  4. ↑ Dodson, P. "Quantitative aspects of relative growth and sexual dimorphism in Protoceratops". Journal of Paleontology. 50: 929–940.
  5. ↑ Lehman, T. M. (1998). "A gigantic skull and skeleton of the horned dinosaur Pentaceratops sternbergi from New Mexico". Journal of Paleontology. 72 (5): 894–906. Bibcode:1998JPal...72..894L. doi:10.1017/S0022336000027220. S2CID 132807103.
  6. ↑ Sampson, S. D.; Ryan, M.J.; Tanke, D.H. (1997). "Craniofacial ontogeny in centrosaurine dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae): taphonomic and behavioral phylogenetic implications". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 121 (3): 293–337. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00340.x.
  7. ↑ Russell, L.S. (1930). "Upper Cretaceous dinosaur faunas of North America". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 69 (4): 133–159.
  8. 1 2 3 Frederickson, J. A.; Tumarkin-Deratzian, A. R. (2014). "Craniofacial ontogeny in Centrosaurus apertus". PeerJ. 2. doi:10.7717/peerj.252. PMC 3933270. PMID 24688836.
  9. ↑ Ryan, M. J.; Evans, D. C.; Shepherd, K. M.; Sues, H. (2012). "A new ceratopsid from the Foremost Formation (middle Campanian) of Alberta". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 49 (10): 1251. Bibcode:2012CaJES..49.1251R. doi:10.1139/e2012-056.
  10. ↑ Benson, Roger B. J.; Campione, Nicolás E.; Carrano, Matthew T.; Mannion, Philip D.; Sullivan, Corwin; Upchurch, Paul; Evans, David C. (2014-05-06). "Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage". PLOS Biology (in Turanci). 12 (5). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 4011683. PMID 24802911.
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Dodson90".
  12. 1 2 3 Ryan, M.J.; A.P. Russell (2005). "A new centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation of Alberta and its implications for centrosaurine taxonomy and systematics". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42 (7): 1369–1387. Bibcode:2005CaJES..42.1369R. doi:10.1139/e05-029. S2CID 128478038. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  13. 1 2 Ryan, M.J. (2007). "A new basal centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation, southeastern Alberta". Journal of Paleontology. 81 (2): 376–396. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[376:ANBCCF]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 130607301.
  14. ↑ Kentaro Chiba; Michael J. Ryan; Federico Fanti; Mark A. Loewen; David C. Evans (2018). "New material and systematic re-evaluation of Medusaceratops lokii (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae) from the Judith River Formation (Campanian, Montana)". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (2): 272–288. Bibcode:2018JPal...92..272C. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.62. S2CID 134031275.
  15. ↑ Rogers, R. R. (1990). "Taphonomy of three dinosaur bone beds in the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation, northwestern Montana: Evidence for drought-related mortality". PALAIOS. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology. 5 (5): 394–41. Bibcode:1990Palai...5..394R. doi:10.2307/3514834. JSTOR 3514834.
  16. ↑ Farke, A.A.; Wolff, E.D.S.; Tanke, D.H. (2009). "Evidence of Combat in Triceratops". PLOS ONE. 4 (1). Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4252F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004252. PMC 2617760. PMID 19172995.
  17. ↑ Ekhtiari, S.; Chiba, K.; Popovic, S.; Crowther, R.; Wohl, G.; Wong, A. K. O.; Tanke, D. H.; Dufault, D. M.; Geen, O. D.; Parasu, N.; Crowther, M. A.; Evans, D. C. (2020). "First case of osteosarcoma in a dinosaur: a multimodal diagnosis". The Lancet Oncology. 21 (8): 1021−1022. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30171-6. PMID 32758461. S2CID 225473251.
  18. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "lehman".
  19. ↑ Demers-Potvin, A. V.; Larsson, H. C. E. (2024). "Occurrence of Centrosaurus apertus (Ceratopsidae: Centrosaurinae) in Saskatchewan, Canada, and expanded dinosaur diversity in the easternmost exposure of the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 61 (11): 1127–1155. doi:10.1139/cjes-2023-0125.
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