Christopher Smart
 Christopher Smart | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | Shipbourne (mul)  , 11 ga Afirilu, 1722 |
| ƙasa | Kingdom of Great Britain (en) |
| Harshen uwa | Turanci |
| Mutuwa | Landan, 21 Mayu 1771 |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta | Pembroke College (en) Durham School (en) Maidstone Grammar School (mul) |
| Harsuna | Turanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | marubuci, stage actor (en) , mai rubuta kiɗa, hymnwriter (en) , Marubiyar yara da edita |
| Sunan mahaifi | Mary Midnight |
| Imani | |
| Addini | Anglicanism (en) |
Christopher Smart (11 Afrilu 1722) – 20 ga Mayu 1771) mawaki ne ɗan Ingila. Ya kasance babban mai ba da gudummawa ga mujallu biyu masu shahara, The Midwife da The Student, kuma aboki ne ga fitattun fitattun mutane kamar Samuel Johnson da Henry Fielding . Smart, wani babban cocin Anglican, sananne ne a duk faɗin Landan. [1]
Smart ya shahara a matsayin ungozoma mai suna "Mrs. Mary Midnight" kuma saboda labaran da suka yaɗu game da shekarunsa da aka tsare a gidan yarin da ake kula da shi ta hanyar tabin hankali ta hannun surukinsa, John Newbery, saboda zargin da ake masa na "rashin imani" na addini. Ko da bayan da aka sake shi daga baya, mummunan suna ya ci gaba da bin sa domin an san shi da laifin tara bashi fiye da yadda zai iya biya; wannan ya haifar da tsare shi a gidan yarin masu bashi har zuwa mutuwarsa.
Ayyukansa guda biyu da aka fi sani da su sune A Song to David da Jubilate Agno, waɗanda ake kyautata zaton an rubuta su ne a lokacin da aka tsare shi a St. Luke's Asylum, kodayake har yanzu masana suna ta muhawara kan wannan domin babu wani bayani game da lokacin da aka rubuta su. Ya fi bayyana lokacin da aka rubuta ayyukan, domin ba a buga Jubilate Agno ba sai a shekarar 1939 lokacin da aka gano shi a cikin wani rumbun adana littattafai, kuma A Song to David ya sami bita iri-iri har zuwa ƙarni na 19. Ga mutanen zamaninsa, an san Smart musamman saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a cikin mujallun The Midwife and The Student, tare da shahararrun waƙoƙinsa na Seaton Prize da kuma waƙarsa ta barkwanci The Hilliad . Duk da cewa an san shi a matsayin mawaƙin addini, waƙoƙinsa sun haɗa da wasu jigogi daban-daban, kamar ka'idodinsa kan yanayi da kuma haɓaka ƙabilancin Ingilishi .
Tarihin Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Christopher Smart a Shipbourne da ke Kent, Ingila a kan gidan William, Viscount Vane, ƙaramin ɗan Lord Barnard na Barnard Castle na Fairlawne . [2] A cewar ɗan uwansa, "yana da tsarin mulki mai sauƙi saboda an haife shi tun kafin lokacin halitta". [3] An yi masa baftisma a cocin Wrotham a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1722. Mahaifinsa Peter Smart ne, mai kula da [4] ko kuma mai kula da ma'aikatan kotu [2] na Fairlawne. Mahaifiyarsa, Winifred (née Griffiths) ta fito ne daga Radnorshire, Wales. [5] Kafin ta haifi Christopher, Winifred tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Margaret da Mary Anne. [5]
A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Fairlawne shine gidan Christopher Vane, Baron Barnard na 1st da Lady Barnard, waɗanda suka ba Smart £200. [6] Ana zargin ya sami wannan kuɗin ne saboda kusancin mahaifinsa da dangin Vane, wanda aka sanya wa Smart suna bayan Christopher Vane, kuma ana ɗaukar yaron a matsayin "alfaharin Fairlawn". [6] [7] A shekara ta 1726, shekaru uku bayan mutuwar Christopher Vane, Peter Smart ya sayi Hall-Place a East Barming, wanda ya haɗa da gidan katafaren gida, gonaki, gonaki, lambuna, da dazuzzuka, wani kadara da ta yi tasiri a tsawon rayuwar Smart ta ƙarshe. [ [6] Tun daga shekara huɗu har zuwa sha ɗaya, ya shafe lokaci mai tsawo yana yawo a gonaki, amma bai shiga ba, wanda ya haifar da hasashen cewa ya kamu da cutar asma. [8] Duk da haka, ba duk masana sun yarda cewa shi "matashi ne mai rashin lafiya" ba. [9] Rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta kawai game da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa sun fito ne daga rubuta wani ɗan gajeren waƙa, yana ɗan shekara huɗu, inda ya ƙalubalanci abokin hamayyarsa ga ƙaunar wata yarinya 'yar shekara goma sha biyu. [9]
A lokacin da yake Hall-Place, an tura Smart zuwa Makarantar Grammar Maidstone da ke yankin inda Charles Walwyn, wani malami daga Kwalejin Eton wanda ya sami digiri na MA daga Kwalejin King's, Cambridge a shekarar 1696, ya koyar da shi [1] A nan ne Smart ya sami ilimi mai zurfi a Latin da Girkanci. [1] Duk da haka, bai kammala karatunsa a Maidstone ba, yayin da mahaifinsa ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1733, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta kai Smart da 'yan uwansa su zauna kusa da dangi a Durham bayan ta sayar da wani kaso mai yawa na kadarorin don biyan basussukan Peter Smart.
Daga nan Smart ya halarci Makarantar Durham, inda Reverend Mr. Richard Dongworth yake shugaban makaranta; ba a san ko yana zaune tare da kawunsa, John Smart, ko kuma tare da malamin makaranta ba. [10] Ya yi hutu a Raby Castle, wanda mallakar Henry Vane, Earl na 1st na Darlington, jikan Christopher Vane ne. [11] Henry Vane da matarsa Grace, 'yar'uwar William da Henrietta Fitzroy, Duke da Duchess na Cleveland, suna da 'ya'ya huɗu, Henry, Frederick, Anne, da Mary. Sun girmi Smart shekaru kaɗan kuma sun zama abokan wasa, inda Anne da Henry suka "haɗu" da Christopher da 'yar'uwarsa Margaret bi da bi. [11] Duk da cewa babu abin da ya haifar da wasan, an saba siffanta Anne a matsayin "ƙaunarsa ta farko". [12] A lokacin da yake tare da iyalin Vane, Smart ya sadaukar da waƙoƙi da yawa ga Henrietta, Duchess na Cleveland. [13] Kusantarsa da iyalin Vane tare da ƙwarewarsa ta koyo ne ya ƙarfafa Henrietta ta ba shi fansho na fam 40 a kowace shekara, wanda mijinta ya ci gaba da yi bayan rasuwarta a 1742. [14] Wannan ya ba Smart damar zuwa Kwalejin Pembroke, Cambridge . [15]