Cortisol
Cortisol wani sinadari ne na steroid a cikin ajin glucocorticoid na hormones kuma wani sinadari ne na damuwa . Idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman magani, ana kiransa hydrocortisone .
Ana samar da Cortisol a cikin dabbobi da yawa, galibi ta hanyar zona fasciculata na adrenal cortex a cikin glandar adrenal . [1] A cikin wasu kyallen takarda, ana samar da shi a ƙananan adadi. [2] Ta hanyar zagayowar rana, ana sakin cortisol kuma yana ƙaruwa a martanin damuwa da ƙarancin yawan glucose a cikin jini . [1] Yana aiki don ƙara yawan sukari a cikin jini ta hanyar gluconeogenesis, danne tsarin garkuwar jiki, da taimakawa wajen metabolism na makamashi. Hakanan yana rage samuwar ƙashi. [3] Waɗannan ayyukan da aka ambata ana gudanar da su ta hanyar ɗaure cortisol ga masu karɓar glucocorticoid ko mineralocorticoid a cikin tantanin halitta, wanda daga nan ya ɗaure zuwa DNA don shafar bayyanar kwayoyin halitta. [1] [4]
Ayyukan Halittu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cortisol yana aiki a matsayin mai maganin masu karɓar corticosteroid, gami da mai karɓar glucocorticoid (GR) da mai karɓar mineralocorticoid (MR). Hakanan yana maganin masu karɓar corticosteroid membrane, gami da masu karɓar glucocorticoid membrane (mGRs) da masu karɓar mineralocorticoid membrane (mMRs).
Baya ga matsalar corticosteroid receptor agonism, an ruwaito cewa cortisol yana da ƙarfi sosai wajen daidaita GABA <sub id="mwRQ">A</sub> receptor, yana aiki a matsayin mai daidaita allosteric mai kyau a ƙananan yawan abubuwa (1-10). pM) da kuma a matsayin mai daidaita allosteric mara kyau a yawan mai (10-1,000) nM). [5] [6]
Tasirin lafiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Amsar rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Metabolism na glucose
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cortisol yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita metabolism na glucose kuma yana haɓaka gluconeogenesis (haɗin glucose ) a cikin hanta, yana samar da glucose don samar wa sauran kyallen takarda. [1] Hakanan yana ƙara matakan glucose na jini ta hanyar rage shan glucose a cikin tsoka da kyallen mai, rage haɗakar furotin, da kuma ƙara rushewar kitse zuwa fatty acids (lipolysis). Duk waɗannan matakan metabolism suna da tasirin gaske na ƙara matakan glucose na jini, wanda ke samar da kuzari ga kwakwalwa da sauran kyallen takarda yayin amsawar yaƙi ko tashi. Cortisol kuma yana da alhakin sakin amino acid daga tsoka, yana samar da wani abu don gluconeogenesis . [2] Tasirinsa yana da rikitarwa kuma daban-daban. [3]
Gabaɗaya, cortisol yana ƙarfafa gluconeogenesis (haɗar 'sabon' glucose daga tushen da ba na carbohydrate ba, wanda ke faruwa galibi a cikin hanta, amma kuma a cikin ƙoda da ƙaramin hanji a wasu yanayi). Sakamakon da aka samu shine ƙaruwar yawan glucose a cikin jini, wanda aka ƙara masa da raguwar saurin amsawar kyallen jiki ga insulin, don haka yana hana wannan kyallen jiki ɗaukar glucose daga jini. Cortisol yana da tasiri mai kyau akan ayyukan hormones waɗanda ke ƙara yawan samar da glucose, kamar glucagon da adrenaline .
Cortisol kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa, amma a kaikaice, a cikin hanta da tsoka glycogenolysis (rushewar glycogen zuwa glucose-1-phosphate da glucose) wanda ke faruwa sakamakon aikin glucagon da adrenaline. Bugu da ƙari, cortisol yana sauƙaƙa kunna glycogen phosphorylase, wanda ya zama dole don adrenaline ya yi tasiri akan glycogenolysis. [7]
Abin mamaki ne cewa cortisol ba wai kawai yana haɓaka gluconeogenesis (biosynthesis na ƙwayoyin glucose) a cikin hanta ba, har ma da glycogenesis ( polymerization na ƙwayoyin glucose zuwa glycogen); don haka ana ɗaukar cortisol a matsayin mai motsa juyi na glucose/glycogen a cikin hanta. [8] Wannan ya bambanta da tasirin cortisol a cikin tsokar kwarangwal inda ake haɓaka glycogenolysis kai tsaye ta hanyar catecholamines . Ta wannan hanyar, cortisol da catecholamines suna aiki tare don haɓaka rushewar glycogen tsoka zuwa glucose don amfani a cikin kyallen tsoka. [9]
Metabolism na furotin da lipids
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Idan aka tsawaita matakan cortisol, yawan sinadarin cortisol zai iya haifar da proteolysis (rushewar sunadaran) da kuma asarar tsoka. [10] Dalilin proteolysis shine samar da nama mai dacewa da abinci don gluconeogenesis; duba glucogenic amino acid . Tasirin cortisol akan metabolism na lipid ya fi rikitarwa tunda ana lura da lipogenesis a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon glucocorticoid mai yawan gaske (watau cortisol), [11] kodayake ƙaruwar cortisol mai yawan gaske yana haifar da lipolysis . [12] Bayanin da aka saba bayarwa don yin la'akari da wannan rashin daidaituwa shine cewa yawan glucose a cikin jini (ta hanyar aikin cortisol) zai haifar da sakin insulin . Insulin yana ƙarfafa lipogenesis, don haka wannan sakamako ne na kai tsaye na yawan cortisol a cikin jini amma zai faru ne kawai a cikin tsawon lokaci.
Amsar garkuwar jiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cortisol yana hana sakin abubuwa a jiki da ke haifar da kumburi . Ana amfani da shi don magance yanayin da ke haifar da yawan aiki na amsawar ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar ƙwayoyin B. Misalai sun haɗa da cututtukan kumburi da rheumatoid, da kuma rashin lafiyan jiki . Ana amfani da hydrocortisone mai ƙarancin allurai, wanda ake samu a wasu ƙasashe a matsayin maganin da ba a rubuta shi ba, don magance matsalolin fata kamar kuraje da eczema .
Cortisol yana hana samar da interleukin 12 (IL-12), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), IFN-alpha, da tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) ta hanyar ƙwayoyin da ke gabatar da antigen (APCs) da ƙwayoyin taimako na T (Th1), amma yana haɓaka interleukin 4, interleukin 10, da interleukin 13 ta hanyar ƙwayoyin Th2. Wannan yana haifar da sauyawa zuwa martanin rigakafi na Th2 maimakon rage garkuwar jiki gaba ɗaya. Ana kyautata zaton kunna tsarin damuwa (da ƙaruwar cortisol da canjin Th2) da aka gani yayin kamuwa da cuta wata hanya ce ta kariya wadda ke hana yawan kunna martanin kumburi. [13]
Cortisol na iya raunana aikin tsarin garkuwar jiki . Yana hana yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin T ta hanyar sa ƙwayoyin T masu samar da interleukin-2 su zama marasa amsawa ga interleukin-1, kuma ba za su iya samar da factor na haɓakar ƙwayoyin T IL-2 ba. Cortisol yana rage bayyanar mai karɓar IL2 IL-2R a saman ƙwayar T mai taimako wanda ya zama dole don haifar da martanin garkuwar jiki na Th1 'cell'. Wannan yana fifita sauyawa zuwa rinjayen Th2 da sakin cytokines da aka lissafa a sama wanda ke haifar da rinjayen Th2 kuma yana fifita martanin garkuwar jiki na ƙwayoyin B masu 'murmushi'. [14]
Cortisol kuma yana da tasirin martani mara kyau akan IL-1. Yadda wannan martani mara kyau ke aiki shine cewa mai damuwa na garkuwar jiki yana sa ƙwayoyin rigakafi na gefe su saki IL-1 da sauran cytokines kamar IL-6 da TNF-alpha. Waɗannan cytokines suna ƙarfafa hypothalamus, suna sa shi sakin corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH kuma yana ƙarfafa samar da adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) da sauran abubuwa a cikin glandar adrenal, wanda (daga cikin wasu abubuwa) yana ƙara samar da cortisol. Cortisol sannan yana rufe madauki yayin da yake hana samar da TNF-alpha a cikin ƙwayoyin rigakafi kuma yana sa su rage amsawa ga IL-1.
Ta wannan tsarin, matuƙar mai rage ƙarfin garkuwar jiki ƙarami ne, za a daidaita martanin zuwa matakin da ya dace. Gabaɗaya, the hypothalamus uses cortisol to reduce the response once the production of cortisol matches the stress induced kan tsarin garkuwar jiki. Amma a cikin mummunan kamuwa da cuta ko kuma a cikin yanayi inda tsarin garkuwar jiki ya fi saurin kamuwa da wani abu mai hana garkuwar jiki (kamar a cikin halayen rashin lafiyan ) ko kuma akwai tarin ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa (kamar yadda zai iya faruwa da ƙwayoyin cuta masu guba ) the correct set point might never be reached Haka kuma saboda raguwar garkuwar jiki ta Th1 ta hanyar cortisol da sauran ƙwayoyin sigina, wasu nau'ikan kamuwa da cuta (musamman Mycobacterium tarin fuka ) na iya yaudarar jiki ya shiga cikin yanayin hari mara kyau, ta amfani da martanin humoral wanda ke da alaƙa da antibody lokacin da ake buƙatar amsawar ƙwayoyin halitta. [ sauti ]
Lymphocytes sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin B-cell waɗanda sune ƙwayoyin da ke samar da rigakafi na jiki, kuma don haka su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da rigakafi na humoral . Yawan lymphocytes a cikin ƙwayoyin lymph, ƙashi, da fata yana nufin jiki yana ƙara amsawar garkuwar jiki ta humoral. Kwayoyin B-cell suna sakin ƙwayoyin rigakafi cikin jini. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi suna rage kamuwa da cuta ta hanyoyi uku: neutralization, opsonization, da complement activation . Kwayoyin rigakafi suna rage ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar ɗaurewa da sunadaran da ke manne da saman jiki, suna hana ƙwayoyin cuta ɗaurewa zuwa ƙwayoyin masu masaukin baki. A cikin opsonization, ƙwayoyin rigakafi suna ɗaurewa da ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna ƙirƙirar manufa don ƙwayoyin rigakafi na phagocytic su nemo su kuma manne su, wanda ke ba su damar lalata ƙwayoyin cuta cikin sauƙi. A ƙarshe, ƙwayoyin rigakafi na iya kunna ƙwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda za su iya haɗuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban don haɓaka opsonization ko ma yin aiki kai tsaye don lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Akwai nau'ikan antibody daban-daban kuma samar da su yana da matuƙar rikitarwa, wanda ya haɗa da nau'ikan lymphocyte da yawa, amma a gabaɗaya lymphocytes da sauran ƙwayoyin rigakafi masu tsara da samar da ƙwayoyin cuta za su ƙaura zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph don taimakawa wajen sakin waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi cikin jini.
A gefe guda kuma, akwai ƙwayoyin halitta masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ; waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna da ikon rage manyan barazanar kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin ƙari. Wani bincike daban [15] ya gano cewa cortisol yana kawar da ƙwayoyin halitta masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta yadda ya kamata, yana rage bayyanar masu karɓar ƙwayoyin cuta na halitta. Prolactin yana da akasin haka. Yana ƙara yawan masu karɓar ƙwayoyin cuta a kan ƙwayoyin halitta masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, yana ƙara ƙarfin wutarsu. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] [ sautin ]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 Lightman SL, Birnie MT, Conway-Campbell BL (June 2020). "Dynamics of ACTH and Cortisol Secretion and Implications for Disease". Endocrine Reviews. 41 (3). doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa002. PMC 7240781. PMID 32060528.
- ↑ Taves MD, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Soma KK (July 2011). "Extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids: evidence for local synthesis, regulation, and function". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 301 (1): E11-24. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00100.2011. PMC 3275156. PMID 21540450.
- ↑ Chyun YS, Kream BE, Raisz LG (February 1984). "Cortisol decreases bone formation by inhibiting periosteal cell proliferation". Endocrinology. 114 (2): 477–80. doi:10.1210/endo-114-2-477. PMID 6690287.
- ↑ DeRijk RH, Schaaf M, de Kloet ER (June 2002). "Glucocorticoid receptor variants: clinical implications". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 81 (2): 103–122. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(02)00062-6. PMID 12137800. S2CID 24650907.
- ↑ Johnston GA (1996). "GABAA receptor pharmacology". Pharmacol Ther. 69 (3): 173–198. doi:10.1016/0163-7258(95)02043-8. PMID 8783370.
- ↑ Ong J, Kerr DI, Johnston GA (November 1987). "Cortisol: a potent biphasic modulator at GABAA-receptor complexes in the guinea pig isolated ileum". Neurosci Lett. 82 (1): 101–106. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(87)90178-9. PMID 2827068.
- ↑ Coderre L, Srivastava AK, Chiasson JL (June 1991). "Role of glucocorticoid in the regulation of glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle". The American Journal of Physiology. 260 (6 Pt 1): E927–32. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.6.E927. PMID 1905485.
- ↑ Macfarlane DP, Forbes S, Walker BR (May 2008). "Glucocorticoids and fatty acid metabolism in humans: fuelling fat redistribution in the metabolic syndrome". The Journal of Endocrinology (in Turanci). 197 (2): 189–204. doi:10.1677/JOE-08-0054. PMID 18434349.
- ↑ Sluiter JK, Frings-Dresen MH, Meijman TF, van der Beek AJ (May 2000). "Reactivity and recovery from different types of work measured by catecholamines and cortisol: a systematic literature overview". Occup Environ Med. 57 (5): 298–315. Bibcode:2000OccEM..57..298S. doi:10.1136/oem.57.5.298. PMC 1739955. PMID 10769296.
- ↑ Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW (February 1984). "Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasma cortisol within the physiologic range". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 73 (2): 412–20. doi:10.1172/JCI111227. PMC 425032. PMID 6365973.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named ":0". - ↑ Djurhuus CB, Gravholt CH, Nielsen S, Mengel A, Christiansen JS, Schmitz OE, Møller N (July 2002). "Effects of cortisol on lipolysis and regional interstitial glycerol levels in humans". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 283 (1): E172–7. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00544.2001. PMID 12067858. S2CID 2609285.
- ↑ Elenkov IJ (June 2004). "Glucocorticoids and the Th1/Th2 balance". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1024 (1): 138–46. Bibcode:2004NYASA1024..138E. doi:10.1196/annals.1321.010. PMID 15265778. S2CID 9575617. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
- ↑ Palacios R, Sugawara I (January 1982). "Hydrocortisone abrogates proliferation of T cells in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction by rendering the interleukin-2 Producer T cells unresponsive to interleukin-1 and unable to synthesize the T-cell growth factor". Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 15 (1): 25–31. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb00618.x. PMID 6461917. S2CID 41292936.
- ↑ Mavoungou E, Bouyou-Akotet MK, Kremsner PG (February 2005). "Effects of prolactin and cortisol on natural killer (NK) cell surface expression and function of human natural cytotoxicity receptors (NKp46, NKp44 and NKp30)". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 139 (2): 287–96. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02686.x. PMC 1809301. PMID 15654827.