Dutch

Dutch Yarene na mutanen kasar Holland ( Endonym nl, Nederlandse taal ) harshe ne na Jamusanci na Yamma a cikin dangin harsunan Indo-Turai, wanda mutane kusan miliyan 25 ke magana da shi a matsayin harshen farko [1] da miliyan 5 a matsayin harshe na biyu kuma shine harshe na uku mafi yawan magana da Jamusanci. A Turai, harshen Dutch shine harshen asalin yawancin mutanen Netherlands da Flanders (wanda ya haɗa da kashi 60% na yawan mutanen Belgium ). [2] Yaren mutanen Holland yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma na Afirka ta Kudu har zuwa 1925, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da Afirkaans, harshen 'ya mace daban amma wanda aka fahimta a cikin harshen Dutch [3] . [lower-alpha 1] 'Yan Afirka, dangane da ma'anar da aka yi amfani da ita, ana iya ɗaukarta a matsayin harshen 'yar'uwa, [4] da ake magana da shi, har zuwa wani mataki, wanda aƙalla mutane miliyan 16 ke magana da shi, galibi a Afirka ta Kudu da Namibia, [lower-alpha 1] kuma ya samo asali daga yarukan Cape Dutch . A Kudancin Amurka, harshen Dutch shine harshen asalin yawancin al'ummar Suriname, kuma ana magana da shi a matsayin harshe na biyu ko na uku a ƙasashen tsibirin Caribbean masu harsuna da yawa kamar Aruba, Curaçao da Sint Maarten . Duk waɗannan ƙasashe sun amince da harshen Holland a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma, kuma suna da hannu ta wata hanya a cikin Ƙungiyar Harsunan Dutch . [1] Kananan hukumomin Caribbean na Holland ( St. Eustatius, Saba da Bonaire ) suna da harshen Dutch a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma. [2] A Asiya, an yi amfani da Dutch a cikin Dutch East Indies (wanda yanzu ya fi zama Indonesia ) ta hanyar ƙarancin ilimi na kusan kashi 2% na jimlar yawan jama'a, ciki har da 'yan asalin Indonesia sama da miliyan 1, [3] har sai da aka haramta shi a 1957, amma an ɗage haramcin daga baya. [1] Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na harshen Indonesiya ana iya samo shi daga harshen Dutch, gami da kalmomin aro da yawa. [1] Ba a fassara Dokar Farar Hula ta Indonesiya a hukumance ba, kuma asalin sigar harshen Holland da aka samo asali tun zamanin mulkin mallaka ta kasance sigar da aka amince da ita. [4] Har zuwa rabin miliyan masu magana da harshen asali suna zaune a Amurka, Kanada da Ostiraliya gaba ɗaya, [lower-alpha 1] kuma tsirarun harsunan tarihi da ke gab da ƙarewa suna nan a sassan Faransa [5] da Jamus. [lower-alpha 1] Yaren mutanen Holland yana ɗaya daga cikin dangin Jamusanci da Ingilishi mafi kusanci, [lower-alpha 1] kuma ana cewa a harshen Ingilishi yana "kusan a tsakaninsu". [lower-alpha 1] Yaren mutanen Holland, kamar Ingilishi, ba a taɓa yin canjin harafi na Jamusanci mai girma ba, ba ya amfani da umlaut na Jamusanci a matsayin alamar nahawu, ya yi watsi da amfani da subjunctive, kuma ya daidaita yawancin yanayinsa, gami da yawancin tsarin shari'arsa . [lower-alpha 1] Duk da haka, fasalulluka da aka raba wa Jamusanci sun haɗa da wanzuwar jinsi biyu zuwa uku na nahawu – duk da cewa akwai wasu sakamako na nahawu [lower-alpha 1] – da kuma amfani da ƙwayoyin modal, [1] bayyanawa mai hana ƙarshe, da kuma tsari (irin wannan) kalmomi . [lower-alpha 1] Kalmomin Dutch galibi Jamusanci ne; ya ƙunshi ɗan ƙarin lamunin soyayya fiye da Jamusanci, amma ƙasa da Ingilishi. [lower-alpha 1]

A Belgium, Netherlands da Suriname, sunan da ake kiran Dutch a hukumance shine Nederlands [1] [2] (a tarihi, Nederlandsch kafin gyare-gyaren rubutun Holland ). [3] Wani lokaci Vlaams Ana amfani da (" Flemish ") don bayyana Standard Dutch ( Standaardnederlands ) ) a Flanders, yayin da Hollands (" Yaren Holland ") wani lokaci ana amfani da shi azaman kalmar magana ta yau da kullun don yaren da aka saba amfani da shi a sassan tsakiya da arewa maso yammacin Netherlands. [4]Turanci yana amfani da siffa ta Dutch a matsayin suna ga harshen Netherlands da Flanders. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz . Tushen wannan kalma, *þeudō, yana nufin "mutane" a cikin Proto-Germanic, kuma *-iskaz wani ƙarin bayani ne wanda ke samar da siffa, wanda -ish shine sifar Turancin Zamani . [1] Theodiscus shine siffa ta Latin [1] kuma ana amfani da ita azaman siffa da ke nuni ga yaren Jamusanci na farkon Tsakiyar Zamani . A wannan ma'anar, yana nufin "harshen talakawa". An yi amfani da kalmar a maimakon Latin, harshen rubutu wanda ba na asali ba ne da kuma Cocin Katolika . [2] An fara rubuta shi a shekara ta 786, lokacin da Bishop na Ostia ya rubuta wa Paparoma Adrian na ɗaya game da wani taron jama'a da ke gudana a Corbridge, Ingila, inda ake rubuta shawarwarin " tam Latine quam theodisce " ma'ana "a cikin Latin da kuma harshen da aka saba amfani da shi". [3] [4] [5] A cewar wani hasashe na De Grauwe, a arewacin Yammacin Faransa (watau Belgium ta zamani) kalmar za ta ɗauki sabon ma'ana a lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani na Farko, lokacin da, a cikin mahallin yanayin harshe mai bambancin ra'ayi, ya zama akasin *walhisk (Masu magana da soyayya, musamman Tsohon Faransanci ). [1] Kalmar, yanzu an fassara ta a matsayin dietsc (Bambancin Kudu maso Yamma) ko duutsc (Bambancin Tsakiya da Arewa), na iya nufin harshen Dutch da kansa, da kuma babban nau'in Jamusanci dangane da mahallin. A lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani " Dietsc / Duutsc "an ƙara amfani da shi azaman kalmar laima ga takamaiman yarukan Jamusanci da ake magana a cikin Ƙasashen Ƙasa, ma'anarsa galibi ana bayar da ita ne ta hanyar yanayin yanki na al'ummar Dutch ta zamanin da: ban da manyan shugabannin malamai da manyan mutane, motsi galibi yana tsaye kuma saboda haka yayin da "Yaren mutanen Holland" ta hanyar faɗaɗawa za a iya amfani da shi ta hanyar ma'anarsa ta baya, yana nufin abin da a yau za a kira yarukan Jamusanci maimakon yarukan Romance, a lokuta da yawa ana fahimtarsa ko kuma ana nufin ya koma ga harshen da ake kira Dutch yanzu. [2] A cikin Ƙananan Ƙasashen Dietsch Ko kuma farkon sigar Dutch ta zamani Duytsch a matsayin sunan Dutch a hankali ya fita daga amfani kuma a hankali aka maye gurbinsa da sunan Dutch Nederlands . Wannan sunan (wanda aka fara tabbatarwa a shekarar 1482) ya fara ne a kotun Burgundian a karni na 15, kodayake amfani da neder, laag, bas, kuma inferior ("ƙasa" ko "ƙasa") don nufin yankin da aka sani da Ƙasashen Ƙasa ya koma baya a cikin lokaci, inda Romawa ke kiran yankin da Germania Inferior ("Ƙasa" Germania). [1] [2] [3] Yana nuni ne ga wurin da kogin Low Country yake a yankin Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt kusa da Tekun Arewa .Tun daga shekarar 1551, an sanya wa Nederlands sunan ƙasar ya sami babban gasa daga sunan Nederduytsch (a zahiri "Ƙananan Yaren mutanen Holland", ana amfani da Yaren mutanen Holland a ma'anarsa ta da ta daɗe tana rufe dukkan harsunan Yammacin Jamusanci na nahiyar). Kalmomi ne na lardin Romawa da aka ambata a baya na Germania Inferior kuma yunƙurin masana nahawu na Holland na farko don ba wa harshensu ƙarin daraja ta hanyar haɗa shi da zamanin Romawa. Haka kuma, Hoogduits ("Babban Jamusanci") da Overlands ("Upper-landish") ya fara amfani da shi a matsayin sunan Hollande ga harsunan Jamus daban-daban da ake amfani da su a jihohin Jamus maƙwabta. [1] Amfani da Nederduytsch ya shahara a ƙarni na 16 amma daga ƙarshe ya sha kashi a kan Nederlands a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, tare da (Hoog)Duytsch ya kafa kansa a matsayin sunan Dutch na Jamusanci a wannan lokacin.A ƙarni na 19, Jamus ta ga ƙaruwar rarraba harsuna, inda masana harshen Jamus suka kira harsunan Jamus da ake magana a kudancin tsaunukan Jamus da Hochdeutsch ("Babban Jamusanci"). Daga baya, an sanya yarukan Jamusanci da ake magana a arewa a matsayin Niederdeutsch ("Ƙaramin Jamusanci"). Masana harsunan Holland sun sanya sunayen waɗannan yarukan a matsayin Nederduits da Hoogduits . Sakamakon haka, Nederduits ba ya ƙara zama ma'anar kalmar Dutch ba. A ƙarni na 19, kalmar " Diets " " masana harsuna da masana tarihi na ƙasar Holland sun sake farfaɗo da shi, a matsayin sunan waƙa ga Tsakiyar Yaren mutanen Holland da adabinsa . [1]

Ana iya fahimtar Tsohon Yaren mutanen Holland a lokaci guda da Tsohon Turanci (Anglo-Saxon), Tsohon Babban Jamusanci, Tsohon Frisian na Farko, da Tsohon Saxon . Waɗannan sunaye sun samo asali ne daga harsunan zamani na yau da kullun. A wannan zamanin babu wani harshe na yau da kullun da ya bunƙasa, yayin da cikakken ci gaba na yaren Jamusanci na Yamma ya ci gaba da kasancewa; rabe-raben yana nuna gudummawar da ƙungiyoyin yare za su bayar nan gaba ga harsunan da ke tafe. Tsarin farko na harshen Dutch shine saitin yarukan Franconian da Salian Franks ke magana a ƙarni na 5. Waɗannan sun samo asali ne ta hanyar Tsakiyar Yaren mutanen Holland zuwa Yaren mutanen Holland na Zamani tsawon ƙarni goma sha biyar. [1] A wannan lokacin, sun tilasta wa Tsohon Frisian komawa daga gabar tekun yamma zuwa arewacin Ƙasashen Ƙasa, kuma suka rinjayi ko ma maye gurbin Tsohon Saxon da ake magana a gabas (wanda ke kusa da yankin Ƙasashen Ƙasa). A gefe guda kuma, an maye gurbin 'yan Holland a ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da su a Faransa da Jamus a yanzu. Rarraba zuwa Tsohuwar Yaren mutanen Holland, Tsakiya da kuma Zamani galibi al'ada ce, tunda sauyawar tsakaninsu ta kasance a hankali. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan lokutan da masana harsuna za su iya gano wani abu na juyin juya hali shine lokacin da harshen Dutch ya bayyana kuma ya kafa kansa cikin sauri. An kwatanta ci gaban harshen Holland da jimla mai zuwa a cikin Tsohon, Tsakiya da kuma Yaren mutanen Holland na Zamani

Daga cikin harsunan Indo-Turai, an haɗa harshen Dutch cikin harsunan Jamusanci, ma'ana yana da kakanninsa iri ɗaya da harsuna kamar Ingilishi, Jamusanci, da kuma harsunan Scandinavia . Duk harsunan Jamusanci suna ƙarƙashin dokar Grimm da kuma canjin sauyi na dokar Verner, wanda ya samo asali daga harshen Proto-Jamusanci kuma ya bayyana ainihin siffofin da ke bambanta su da sauran harsunan Indo-Turai. Ana tsammanin wannan ya faru ne a kusan tsakiyar ƙarni na farko kafin zamanin Romawa a zamanin ƙarfe na Arewacin Turai kafin zamanin Romawa . [1]Harsunan Jamusanci an raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku a al'ada: Gabas (wanda yanzu ya ƙare), Yamma, da Arewacin Jamusanci. [1] Sun kasance masu fahimta a duk tsawon lokacin Hijira . Yaren mutanen Holland wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar Yamma ta Jamus, wadda ta haɗa da Ingilishi, Scots, Frisian, Low German (Old Saxon) da High German . Yana da siffofi da dama na kirkire-kirkire na tsarin sauti da na yanayi waɗanda ba a samu a Arewacin Jamus ko Gabashin Jamus ba. [2]

Ba a tabbatar da harshen Faransanci kai tsaye ba, banda kawai abin da zai iya zama rubutun Bergakker, wanda aka samu kusa da birnin Tiel na ƙasar Holland, wanda zai iya wakiltar babban tarihin Frankish na ƙarni na 5. Ko da yake an rubuta wasu sunayen wurare a cikin rubuce-rubucen Romawa kamar vadam (Yaren mutanen Holland na zamani: wad, Turanci: "mudflat"), ana iya ɗauka a matsayin tsoffin kalmomin "Dutch", rubutun Bergakker ya samar da mafi tsufa shaida na yanayin halittar Holland. Duk da haka, fassarar sauran rubutun ba ta da daidaito. [1]Franks sun fito ne a kudancin Netherlands ( Salian Franks ) da tsakiyar Jamus ( Ripuarian Franks ), daga baya suka sauka zuwa Gaul . Sunan masarautarsu ya wanzu a ƙasar Faransa. Duk da cewa sun yi mulkin Gallo-Romawa kusan shekaru 300, harshensu, Frankish, ya ɓace a mafi yawan Faransa kuma an maye gurbinsa da nau'ikan yaren daga baya a duk faɗin Luxembourg da Jamus a kusan ƙarni na 7. An maye gurbinsa a Faransa da Tsohon Faransanci ( harshen Romance mai tasirin Tsohon Frankish).Duk da haka, harshen Tsohon Faransanci bai mutu ba kwata-kwata, domin ana ci gaba da yin amfani da shi a ƙasashen Ƙasa, daga baya kuma ya rikide zuwa abin da ake kira Tsohon Faransanci ko Tsohon Dutch a ƙasashen Ƙasa. A gaskiya ma, ana iya sake gina Tsohon Frankish daga kalmomin aro na Tsohon Dutch da Frankish a Tsohon Faransanci. [1]