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Nitrite

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

ion na nitrite yana da tsarin sunadarai NO2- . Nitrite (yawanci sodium nitrite) ana amfani dashi sosai a duk masana'antun sunadarai da magunguna. Nitrite anion wani matsakaici ne a cikin sake zagayowar nitrogen a cikin yanayi. Sunan nitrite kuma yana nufin mahadi na kwayoyin da ke da ƙungiyar -ONO, waɗanda sune esters na nitrous acid.

Fitarwa

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Sodium nitrite ana yin shi ta hanyar masana'antu ta hanyar wucewa da cakuda nitrogen oxides zuwa ruwa sodium hydroxide ko sodium carbonate solution:[1][2]

 Samfuri:Chem2
 Samfuri:Chem2

Ana tsarkake samfurin ta hanyar sake fasalin. Alkali metal nitrites suna da tsayayyen zafi har zuwa kuma bayan inda suke narkewa (441 °C (826 °F) ° C (826 ° F) don ).  Ana iya yin Ammonium nitrite daga dinitrogen trioxide, , wanda shine ainihin anhydride na nitrous acid: 

 

Tsarinsa

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2" href="./Resonance_(chemistry)#Resonance_as_a_diagrammatic_tool" id="mwPA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Resonance (chemistry)">Tsarin canonical guda biyu na NO2-, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga haɗin resonance don nitrite ion
Girman trans-HONO (daga bakan microwave)

Ioni na nitrite yana da tsari mai daidaituwa (C2v), tare da haɗin N-O da ke da daidaitattun tsawon da kusurwar haɗin kusan 115 °.[3] A cikin ka'idar haɗin valence, an bayyana shi azaman haɗin resonance tare da gudummawa daidai daga siffofi biyu na canonical waɗanda suke hotunan madubi na juna. A cikin ka'idar kwayoyin halitta, akwai haɗin sigma tsakanin kowane atom na oxygen da atom na nitrogen, da kuma haɗin pi da aka yi daga p orbitals akan nitrogen da atom na oxygen, wanda ke tsaye zuwa jirgin saman kwayar halitta. Rashin cajin ion ɗin yana rarraba daidai a kan atoms ɗin oxygen guda biyu. Dukansu atoms na nitrogen da oxygen suna ɗauke da nau'ikan electrons guda biyu.[4] Sabili da haka, ion na nitrite shine Tushen Lewis.

In the gas phase, it exists predominantly as a trans-planar molecule.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Halin da aka yi

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Abubuwan da ke cikin acid

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Nitrite shine tushen haɗin gwiwa na acid nitrous acid mai rauni:

+ + NO2-; pKa ≈ 3.16 a 25 °C (77 °F) [5]      

Nitrous acid kuma ba shi da daidaituwa sosai, yana da alaƙa da rashin daidaituwa:

+ NO3- –

Wannan martani yana da jinkiri a 0 °C (32 °F) ° C (32 ° F). Ƙara acid zuwa mafita na nitrite a gaban wakili mai ragewa, kamar ƙarfe (II), hanya ce ta yin nitric oxide (NO) a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Oxidation da raguwa

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Yanayin oxidation na atom din nitrogen a cikin nitrite shine +3. Wannan yana nufin ana iya yin amfani da shi zuwa yanayin oxidation +4 da +5 ko rage shi zuwa ƙasa kamar -3. Matsakaicin yiwuwar ragewa don halayen da ke da alaƙa da nitrous acid kai tsaye an nuna su a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa:[6]

H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 E N2 + 2 S2O; E0 = +2.+2.65      
5 NO2- + 2 MnO4- + <span about="#mwt73" class="chemf nowrap" data-ve-ignore="" id="mwvw">6 H+ → 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O + 5 NO3- –

Samfurori na raguwa tare da ion na nitrite sun bambanta dangane da wakili mai ragewa da aka yi amfani da shi da ƙarfinsa. Tare da sulfur dioxide, samfuran sune NO da ; tare da tin (II) () samfurin shine hyponitrous acid (); raguwa duk hanyar zuwa ammonia () yana faruwa tare da hydrogen sulfide.     Tare da hydrazinium cation (N2+) samfurin rage nitrite shine hydrazoic acid (), wani fili mai saurin tashi da fashewa: 

N2+ + HNO2 → HN3 + H2O + H3O+ 

wanda kuma zai iya kara amsawa tare da nitrite:

 Samfuri:Chem2

Wannan martani ba sabon abu ba ne saboda ya haɗa da mahadi tare da nitrogen a cikin jihohi huɗu daban-daban na oxidation.[7]

Binciken nitrite

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An gano Nitrite kuma an bincika shi ta hanyar Griess Reaction, wanda ya haɗa da samar da launi mai launin ja mai zurfi a kan maganin NO2 - wanda ke dauke da samfurin tare da sulfanilic acid da naphthyl-1-amine a gaban acid.[8]

Matsakaicin daidaitawa

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Nitrite wani ligand ne mai laushi kuma yana iya samar da nau'ikan hadin gwiwa iri-iri ta hanyar ɗaurewa ga ions na ƙarfe a hanyoyi da yawa. Misali, jan nitrito pentaamminecobalt complex yana da metastable, isomerizing zuwa yellow nitro complex [Co.NH3) 5,NO2) ]2+ . 

Nitrite ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar enzymes da yawa, dukansu suna amfani da hadaddun hadin gwiwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja]

Halin haɗari

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Lokacin da aka dumama shi da cyanides ko thiosulfates, nitrites suna fashewa sosai.

Biochemistry

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Bayani na tsari na sake zagayowar nitrogen na microbial.[9][10] ANAMMOX shine anaerobic ammonium oxidation, DNRA shine raguwar nitrate zuwa ammonium, kuma COMMAMOX shine cikakken ammonium oxide.

A cikin nitrification, ana canza ammonium zuwa nitrite. Muhimman nau'o'in sun hada da Nitrosomonas . Sauran nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar Nitrobacter, suna da alhakin oxidizing nitrite zuwa nitrate. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja]

Ana iya rage Nitrite zuwa nitric oxide ko ammoniya ta hanyar nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa. A karkashin yanayin hypoxic, nitrite na iya fitar da nitric oxide, wanda ke haifar da vasodilation mai ƙarfi.[11] An bayyana hanyoyi da yawa don sauya nitrite zuwa NO, gami da rage enzymatic ta hanyar xanthine oxidoreductase, nitrite reductase, da NO synthase (NOS), da kuma halayen rashin daidaituwa na acidic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja]

Amfani da shi

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Maganin sunadarai

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Azo dyes da sauran masu launi ana shirya su ta hanyar tsarin da ake kira diazotization, wanda ke buƙatar nitrite.

Gudanar da nama da haɗarin ciwon daji

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Ƙara nitrites da nitrates zuwa nama da aka sarrafa, kamar ham, naman alade, da sausages, yana inganta warkarwa da nama, yana inganta sashi, yana ba da launi mai kyau, yana hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta da guba, kuma yana fadada rayuwar ajiya.[12][13] Nitrite yana amsawa tare da myoglobin na nama ta hanyar haɗewa da kwayar ƙarfe na heme yayin dafa abinci, samar da nitrosomyoglobin mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma launi mai launin ruwan hoda "sabon" na mahaɗan N-nitroso, wanda zai iya lalata ƙwayoyin hanji, wanda zai yiwu ya haifar da Ciwon daji na hanji.[14][15][16] Shan taba, warkarwa, gishiri, fermenting ko ƙara preservatives ga nama na iya fara samar da abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon daji.[14][15][16][17]

Ana iya kera kayayyakin nama da aka warkar ba tare da nitrate ko nitrite ba, kamar Parma ham, wanda aka ruwaito a cikin 2018 a matsayin samfurin lafiya ba tare da gurɓataccen guba ba. Sauran hanyoyin masana'antu ba sa tabbatar da rage sakamakon nitrite a cikin samar da guba.[18]

Organic nitrites

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Ester na nitrite

A cikin ilmin sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta, alkyl nitrites sune esters na nitrous acid kuma suna dauke da ƙungiyar aiki ta nitrosoxy. Magungunan Nitro suna dauke da ƙungiyar .  Nitrites suna da tsari na gaba ɗaya RONO, inda R shine aryl ko ƙungiyar alkyl. Amyl nitrite da sauran alkyl nitrites suna da aikin vasodilating kuma dole ne a sarrafa su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da taka tsantsan. Ana amfani da su a wasu lokuta a magani don magance cututtukan zuciya. Halin da ake kira na gargajiya don kira na alkyl nitrites shine kira na Meyer wanda alkyl halides ke amsawa tare da nitrites na ƙarfe zuwa cakuda nitroalkanes da nitrits.[19][20]

Tsaro

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Babban allurai na nitrites yana haifar da guba mai tsanani a cikin nau'in methemoglobinemia, wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa.[21]

Dubi kuma

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  • Curing (tsaron abinci)
  • Alkyl nitrites

Bayanan da aka ambata

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  1. ↑ Samfuri:Ullmann
  2. ↑ Samfuri:Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd
  3. ↑ Goddard, John D.; Klein, Michael L. (1983-08-01). "Structure of the nitrite ion". Physical Review A. 28 (2): 1141–1143. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.28.1141.
  4. ↑ "Molecular Orbital Theory", General Chemistry for Organic and Biological Chemistry (in Turanci), archived from the original on 2026-01-09, retrieved 2026-07-03
  5. ↑ da Silva, Gabriel; Kennedy, Eric M.; Dlugogorski, Bogdan Z. (2006-10-01). "Ab Initio Procedure for Aqueous-Phase pKa Calculation:  The Acidity of Nitrous Acid". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 110 (39): 11371–11376. doi:10.1021/jp0639243. ISSN 1089-5639.
  6. ↑ Samfuri:Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd
  7. ↑ Samfuri:Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd
  8. ↑ Ivanov, V. M. (2004-10-01). "The 125th Anniversary of the Griess Reagent". Journal of Analytical Chemistry (in Turanci). 59 (10): 1002–1005. doi:10.1023/B:JANC.0000043920.77446.d7. ISSN 1608-3199. S2CID 98768756.
  9. ↑ Sparacino-Watkins, Courtney; Stolz, John F.; Basu, Partha (2013-12-16). "Nitrate and periplasmic nitrate reductases". Chem. Soc. Rev. (in Turanci). 43 (2): 676–706. doi:10.1039/c3cs60249d. ISSN 1460-4744. PMC 4080430. PMID 24141308.
  10. ↑ Simon, Jörg; Klotz, Martin G. (2013). "Diversity and evolution of bioenergetic systems involved in microbial nitrogen compound transformations". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics (in Turanci). 1827 (2): 114–135. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.07.005. PMID 22842521.
  11. ↑ "Nitric oxide". StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine. 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2026.
  12. ↑ "Preventive control recommendations on the use of nitrites in the curing of meat products". Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Government of Canada. 6 October 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2026.
  13. ↑ Lee, Soomin; Lee, Heeyoung; Kim, Sejeong; Lee, Jeeyeon; Ha, Jimyeong; Choi, Yukyung; Oh, Hyemin; Choi, Kyoung-Hee; Yoon, Yohan (August 2018). "Microbiological safety of processed meat products formulated with low nitrite concentration — A review". Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 31 (8): 1073–1077. doi:10.5713/ajas.17.0675. ISSN 1011-2367. PMC 6043430. PMID 29531192.
  14. 1 2 "Limit red and processed meat". Canadian Cancer Society. 2026. Retrieved 28 June 2026.
  15. 1 2 "Processed Meat (Sausages, Ham, Bacon, Hot Dogs, Salami)". American Institute for Cancer Research. 2025. Retrieved 28 June 2026.
  16. 1 2 "Red and Processed Meat and Cancer". American Cancer Society. 2026. Retrieved 28 June 2026.
  17. ↑ "Does processed and red meat cause cancer?". Cancer Research UK. 15 April 2025. Retrieved 28 June 2026.
  18. ↑ Lebrun, S.; Van Nieuwenhuysen, T.; Crèvecoeur, S.; Vanleyssem, R.; Thimister, J.; Denayer, S.; Jeuge, S.; Daube, G.; Clinquart, A.; Fremaux, B. (December 2020). "Influence of reduced levels or suppression of sodium nitrite on the outgrowth and toxinogenesis of psychrotrophic Clostridium botulinum Group II type B in cooked ham". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 334. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108853. PMID 32932195.
  19. ↑ Victor Meyer (1872). "Über die Nitroverbindungen der Fettreihe". Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie (in german). 171 (1): 1–56. doi:10.1002/jlac.18741710102.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  20. ↑ Reynolds, R.B.; Adkins, H. (1929). "The Relationship of the Constitution of Certain Alky Halides to the Formation of Nitroparaffins and Alkyl Nitrites". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 51 (1): 279–287. Bibcode:1929JAChS..51..279R. doi:10.1021/ja01376a037.
  21. ↑ Katabami K, Hayakawa M, Gando S (3 August 2016). "Severe Methemoglobinemia due to Sodium Nitrite Poisoning". Case Reports in Emergency Medicine. 2016. doi:10.1155/2016/9013816. PMC 4987464. PMID 27563472.
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