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Palsa

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Palsa
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare naButte
Bangare naMollisol (en) Fassara
Kungiyar palsas masu tasowa kamar yadda aka gani daga sama

Palsas tuddai ne na peat tare da turɓaya mai daskarewa na dindindin da ma'adinai. Su ne wani abu na al'ada a cikin yankin polar da subpolar na permafrost mai tsawo. Ɗaya daga cikin halayensu shine samun gangara masu tsawo waɗanda ke tashi sama da laka. Wannan yana haifar da tara dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa a kusa da su. Taron da ke saman palsas ba su da dusar ƙanƙara har ma a cikin hunturu, saboda iska tana ɗaukar dusar ƙara da ajiya a kan gangaren da sauran wurare a kan laka mai laushi. Palsas na iya kaiwa 150 metres (490 ft) a diamita kuma yana iya kaiwa tsawo na 12 metres (39 ft) . [1]

Ana samun permafrost a kan palsa mires kawai a cikin palsas da kansu, kuma kafa shi ya dogara ne akan kaddarorin jiki na peat. Dry peat ne mai kyau insulator, amma rigar peat gudanar da zafi mafi kyau, kuma daskarewa peat ya fi kyau a gudanar da zafi. Wannan yana nufin cewa sanyi na iya shiga cikin zurfin yadudduka, kuma wannan zafi na iya gudana cikin sauƙi daga zurfin yadadduka a cikin hunturu, yayin da busassun peat a saman palsa yana rufe ainihin daskarewa kuma yana hana shi narkewa a lokacin rani.[1] Wannan yana nufin cewa palsas na iya rayuwa a cikin yanayi inda matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yake ƙasa da yanayin daskarewa.[2]

A 3 metres (9.8 ft) ne a palsa ba tare da turɓaya rufe. Suna cikin karamin kewayon fiye da palsas, yawanci suna faruwa a cikin tsarin yanayi na teku. Koyaya duka palsas da lithalsas suna da ɗan ƙarami idan aka kwatanta da pingos, yawanci ƙasa da 3 .

Ci gaban Palsa

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Ana iya fara Palsas a yankunan da ke cikin moor ko bog inda sanyi na hunturu ke shiga cikin sauri fiye da yankunan da suka kewaye, watakila saboda wani nau'i mai laushi na dusar ƙanƙara.[3] Rashin Ruwan zafi wanda aka bayar ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi yana ba da damar zurfin daskarewa a cikin hunturu. Wannan kankara na iya kasancewa a lokacin rani tare da ci gaba da 'bump' har zuwa santimita da yawa saboda sanyi. Yankin da ya fi girma na palsa zai kasance yana da dusar ƙanƙara mai laushi, yana ba da damar sanyaya mafi girma a cikin hunturu, yayin da a lokacin rani kayan saman (musamman idan kwayoyin halitta) zai bushe kuma ya samar da rufi mai zafi.[4] Don haka zafin jiki na ciki yana da ƙarancin ƙasa da ke kusa. Wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga samar da ruwan tabarau na kankara wanda ke girma ta hanyar zana ruwan da ke kewaye. Yaduwar kankara a kan daskarewa yana matsa lamba a kan ƙasa da ke kewaye da ita, yana ƙara tilasta ruwa daga sararin samaniya wanda ke tarawa kuma yana ƙara girman ruwan tabarau mai girma. Kyakkyawan ra'ayi mai kyau yana tasowa. Canje-canje a cikin danshi da ciyayi za su kasance kamar yadda za su adana sabon ƙanƙara.[5]

Yankin ƙasa da ke sama a hankali ana ɗaga shi ta hanyar ƙanƙara. A cikin sashi, ƙwayoyin kankara na palsa suna nuna shimfidawa, wanda ya haifar da lokacin sanyi na hunturu. Matsawa daga ruwa daga pores ba shi da mahimmanci, duk da haka, tunda ƙasa mai laushi tana da ruwa kuma don haka koyaushe tana samar da isasshen ruwa don ci gaban kankara.

Masana kimiyya da yawa sun yarda cewa ci gaban palsa yana da cyclic inda ci gaba har sai an kai wani nau'i na palsa. Lokacin da wannan ya faru matsin lamba a saman mafi girman layin peat zai haifar da tsagewa a cikin layin peat wanda zai haifar da zamewar layin peat zuwa gefen palsa. Kamar yadda wannan Layer na peat ke haifar da sakamako mai rufewa koma baya na Layer zai fallasa permafrost a cikin palsa kuma ya fara narkewa. A wannan yanayin, narkewar palsa wani bangare ne na al'ada na ci gaban cyclic kuma, zai yiwu ga sababbin siffofin palsa na embryonic su bunkasa a wannan yanki. Koyaya, binciken da aka yi akan siffofin palsa da farko ana lura da dome palsas a yankunan arewa. Wadannan wuraren binciken suna cikin ainihin yankin don abubuwan da suka faru na palsa sabili da haka ci gaban cyclic ne wanda ya dace kawai ga dome palsas a cikin ainihin yankin.[6]

Palsa plateaus sau da yawa ba su da tsari mai laushi wanda ke haifar da tsagewa a cikin yadudduka da lalacewar dome palsas. Amma a cikin tsaunuka na palsa, fadada sanyi wanda ke haifar da kumburi zai haifar da wuri mara kyau kuma ya kara yiwuwar tara ruwa a saman kuma ya haifar da koma baya da narkewa. Wannan tsari, wanda ke haifar da narkewa kamar yadda fashewar layin peat a cikin dome palsas, wani bangare ne na al'ada a cikin tsawon rayuwa na palsa plateaus amma ba wani ɓangare na juyin halitta ba ne.[7]

Palsas sun bayyana suna wucewa ta hanyar sake zagayowar ci gaba wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da narkewa da rushewa. Bude fashewa wanda yawanci ke tare da girma na palsa da ruwan da ke tattare da palsas, mai yiwuwa ne sakamakon nauyin su da ke rage girman da ke kusa, muhimman abubuwa ne a cikin wannan tsari. Gaskiyar cewa palsas a matakai daban-daban na girma da lalacewa suna faruwa tare ya nuna cewa rushewarsu ba lallai ba ne ta nuna canjin yanayi. Duk abin da yawanci ya rage bayan da palsa ya rushe shi ne wani bakin ciki kewaye da wani rim.

Yanayin Yanayi

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Storflaket peat bog kusa da Abisko a arewacin Sweden wani tsaunin tsaunuka ne. Yana nuna wasu alamun rushewa kamar tsagewa a kan iyakokinta.

Ɗaya daga cikin takamaiman nau'in laka wanda tsarin palsa ya bayyana ana kiransa laka.[8] Amma, wani lokacin ana bayyana nau'in yanayi a matsayin palsa bogs, duk da haka, dukansu suna nufin Dubi mai laushi inda tuddai na palsa ke faruwa.[9] A cikin palsa mires, palsas waɗanda ke cikin matakai daban-daban na ci gaba na iya bayyana saboda ci gaban cyclic na tsarin.[5] Sabili da haka, fasalin fashewar palsas ya zama ruwan dare a cikin waɗannan yankuna waɗanda za'a iya gani a matsayin tafkuna masu zagaye, wuraren buɗewa ko ƙananan tsaunuka masu zagaye.[5]

An bayyana mutum palsa a matsayin tudu ko mafi girma a cikin turfland tare da tsakiya na turfland mai daskarewa na dindindin da / ko ƙasa mai ma'adinai tare da mafi girman aiki na turf.[4][8] Tsarin ƙasa yana faruwa a yankunan da ke da ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙanta.[8][10] Babban ɓangaren palsas yana daskarewa har abada, gami da lokacin rani, yayin da Layer na peat ke haifar da tasirin keɓewa. [4][5] Yawancin palsas suna da siffar oval ko elongated amma an bayyana siffofi daban-daban na palsas. A wasu wurare (Laivadalen da Keinovuopio a arewacin Sweden), an sami tarin palsa wanda ya kunshi palsas masu kama da dome da yawa. A wasu wurare (Seitajaure a arewacin Sweden), an bayyana wani tsarin palsa. A nan an sami palsa-plateaus da yawa waɗanda ke da shimfidar wurare da gefuna masu tsayi.[9]

Hanyoyin palsa sun haɗa da tuddai, filayen da tuddai na girma daban-daban.[11] Palsas a Iceland an bayyana su a matsayin siffar hump, siffar dike, siffar tudu, siffar zobe, da kuma siffar garkuwa. Wadanda ke cikin Norway ana kiransu palsa plateaus, esker palsas, string palsas, conical ko dome-shaped palsas, da palsa complexes. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar hujja]

Nisa yawanci 10–30 metres (33–98 ft) ne, da tsayi 15–150 metres (49–492 ft) . [1] Koyaya, tsayin har zuwa 500 metres (1,600 ft) an ba da rahoton esker-kamar ginshiƙan palsa da ke gudana a layi daya da gradient na bog . Tsawon tsayin da ke ƙasa da 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) har zuwa 6–7 metres (20–23 ft), [4] [8] amma yana iya kaiwa kusan 10 metres (33 ft) a matsakaicin sama da kewayen yankin. Manya-manyan nau'ikan sun fi ƙanƙan da ƙanana. A wurare, palsas suna haɗuwa don samar da gine-ginen mita ɗari da yawa. Jigon permafrost ya ƙunshi ruwan tabarau na kankara waɗanda ba su da kauri fiye da 2–3 centimetres (0.79–1.18 in), kodayake ruwan tabarau na gida har zuwa kusan 40 centimetres (16 in) an yi bayanin kauri.

A lokacin ci gaban cyclic, palsa yana wucewa ta matakai da yawa inda yanayin ya bambanta. A matakin farko na ci gaba, palsas suna da shimfidar wuri ba tare da tsagewa a cikin layin peat ba kuma ba za a iya ganin alamun lalacewa ba. Sau da yawa ƙananan ne kuma suna da siffar dome kuma galibi ana kiransu embryo palsas . [12] A wannan matakin ana kirkirar yadudduka na kankara wanda galibi ana samun su a cikin ƙuƙwalwar ƙanƙara. An ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan yadudduka na kankara an halicce su ne ta hanyar rarraba kankara amma, tabbas yana da tsalle-tsalle wanda shiru dalilin da ya sa aka kafa yadudduka. Hawan tsayi na tsakiya yana faruwa wanda ya daskare lokacin da permafrost ya isa yankin kuma ya haifar da kankara.[13] A cikin kwanciyar hankali, lokacin da ya girma, farfajiyar ta tashi zuwa matakin da dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu ke raguwa da iska wanda hakan ke ba da damar zurfafa daskarewa. A cikin matakin balaga, ƙuƙwalwar ƙanƙara ta kai bayan layin peat a cikin ƙasa mai laushi kuma a lokacin rani narkewar ƙuƙwalwa tana faruwa amma ba har zuwa inda ƙuƙarar ta narke gaba ɗaya ba. Ragewa na iya haifar da tafkunan da ke kusa da palsa kuma a wasu lokuta, raguwa a cikin lakabin peat tare da waɗannan tafkunan na iya kasancewa a cikin matakin kwanciyar hankali. Koyaya, waɗannan raguwa suna da ƙananan girma kuma babu alamun ganuwar toshewa da ake gani a lokacin matakin sable. A lokacin da yake raguwa, duk da haka, palsas suna da manyan tsagewa har zuwa mita da yawa wanda ke raba layin peat zuwa tubalan kuma abin da ake kira rushewa toshe yana faruwa. Kusa da palsas a cikin mataki mai ƙasƙanci sau da yawa ana samun tafkuna da yawa, saboda narkewar ƙuƙwalwar daskarewa.[12] Rugujewar iska sau da yawa tana shafar layin peat har zuwa irin wannan matakin da yake raguwa a cikin kauri tare da wasu lokuta da yawa decimeters. Lokacin da palsa plateaus ke cikin mummunan mataki ana iya ganin tafkuna da yawa a kan shimfidar shimfidar wuri wanda sau da yawa yana da rushewar toshe makwabta. Lokacin da rushewar toshewa ya faru ana nuna ƙasa mai ma'adinai sau da yawa tare da tsagewa, musamman ma lokacin da layin peat ya yi tsayi.[12]

Yankin da aka rarraba

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Taswirar Anders Rapp na iyakar palsas da permafrost a cikin Fennoscandia

Palsas sune siffofi na yankunan yankin permafrost kuma saboda haka ana samun su a yankunan Subarctic na arewacin Kanada da Alaska, Siberia, arewacin Fennoscandia da Iceland.[5][10] Kusan suna da alaƙa da kasancewar peat kuma galibi suna faruwa a yankunan da hunturu ke da tsawo kuma dusar ƙanƙara tana da ƙanƙanta.[10] A wasu wurare palsas suna fadada zuwa cikin permafrost; a wasu suna hutawa a kan wani substratum wanda ba a daskare ba.

A cikin kudancin kudancin palsa ya kasance daga mafi girman glacial na ƙarshe an gano shi a gefen Argentina na Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego kawai arewacin Cami Lake . [14] Ana iya samun ragowar Ice-Age palsas a Hochmooren na Tsakiyar Turai, kamar Hohen Venn a yankin iyakar Jamus da Belgium.

Tasirin canjin yanayi

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Tasirin a kan siffofin palsa saboda canjin yanayi

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Rushewar nau'ikan palsa da ja da baya na permafrost a cikin tsakiyar palsa baya nuna kai tsaye ga canjin yanayi. Kamar yadda palsas ke da ci gaban keken keke narkewar ainihin wani bangare ne na ci gaban palsa. Koyaya, canjin yanayin yanayi yana shafar siffofin palsa. Siffofin palsa waɗanda ke kwance a cikin bakin wurin abin da ya faru sun fi dogaro da yanayin yanayin rayuwa fiye da siffofin palsa kusa da ainihin yankin abin da ya faru. [7] An yi nazari akan siffofin palsa a cikin 1998 a Dovrefjell, a kudancin Norway. A lokacin lura, ma'aunin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya faɗi ƙasa da 0 °C (32 °F) a yankin. Wadannan wurare tabbas suna da damuwa ga canje-canje a yanayin zafi; kawai ƙaramin zafin zafi zai iya yin tasiri mai girma akan wanzuwar palsas a takamaiman yanki. [7] Ma'auni daga tashoshin meteorological a yankin sun nuna cewa ma'aunin zafin jiki na shekara ya tashi 0.8 °C tsakanin lokacin 1901-1930 da 1961-1990. Tun farkon yanayin dumamar yanayi a cikin 1930s, gabaɗayan palsa bogs da manyan palsa plateaus sun narke gaba ɗaya a yankin Dovrefjell. [7] Palsa bogs' hankali ga canje-canje a yanayin zafi ya sa su zama alamar yanayi mai kyau. Binciken da aka yi a yankin Dovrefjell ya kammala cewa idan ana amfani da palsas azaman alamun yanayi yana da mahimmanci don raba manyan canje-canje a cikin rarraba permafrost daga ƙananan canje-canje. Ƙananan canje-canje suna faruwa ta hanyar gajeriyar sauye-sauyen yanayi waɗanda ke ɗaukar shekaru kaɗan kawai. Ƙananan palsas na dome, wanda kuma za'a iya kiransa amfrayo palsas, na iya tasowa a sakamakon ƙananan bambance-bambance a yanayin yanayi kamar ƴan bayan sanyi. Yayin da waɗannan ƙananan palsas ke ɓacewa bayan ƴan shekaru kaɗan, sun kasa kafa su azaman dindindin na dindindin. An lura da wannan al'amari a cikin Dovrefjell a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kuma yana haifar da babban canji a yanayin yanayin inda zafin jiki ya tashi zuwa matakin da passas ba zai iya fara haɓaka ci gaban hawan keke ba. Wannan shi ne sakamakon sauyin yanayi tare da yanayin dumamar yanayi wanda aka lura a yankin Dovrefjell. A wannan yanki, yanayin bai yi sanyi ba don sabbin nau'ikan palsa don kafawa a cikin ɗaukacin karni na 20. [7]

Koyaya, wasu rashin tabbas game da yadda yanayin yankin ke shafar samar da siffofin palsa kuma musamman ilimin ruwa na palsa mires har yanzu yana nan. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar ƙarin sa ido mai aiki da alaƙar sa da yanayin yanayi na gida don ƙayyade tasirin canjin yanayi a kan mares na palsa.[4]

Palsa da GHG-fluxes

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Saboda saman tuddai na palsas sun fi bushewa da kuma rashin abinci mai gina jiki fiye da kewayenta, suna haifar da mosaic na microhabitats a cikin laka. Abubuwan da suka faru na palsa an ƙayyade su ne ta hanyar dalilai da yawa na yanayi, kamar zafin iska, hazo da kaurin dusar ƙanƙara. Sabili da haka, karuwar zafin jiki da hazo na iya haifar da narkewar turɓaya mai daskarewa da raguwar turɓayar. Wannan yana haifar da wani nau'i mai aiki da kuma yanayin da ya fi dacewa. Saboda haka, shuke-shuke suna canzawa cikin daidaitawa da yanayin da ya fi dacewa. Ana hasashen fadada rigar don amfana da sphagnum mosses da graminoids, a kan kudin shuke-shuke na bushewa. Canje-canje masu alaƙa a cikin iskar gas mai ɗorewa suna ƙara ɗaukar CO2 da ƙara fitar da methane, galibi saboda fadada graminoids masu tsayi.

Ci gaba da faruwar palsa mires a Fennoscandia

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Abubuwan da suka faru na palsa mires suna cikin haɗari ta hanyar dalilai da yawa. Mafi mahimmanci daga cikin waɗannan shine canjin yanayi, tare da palsa mires da ke gefen rarrabawar yanayi shine mafi rauni. Canjin yanayi yana haifar da karuwa a cikin matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, wanda dole ne ya kasance a ƙarƙashin 0 °C (32 °F) ° C (32 ° F) don palsas ya ci gaba.[15][7] Palsas kuma gabaɗaya suna buƙatar ƙananan hazo (yawanci < 500 mm a kowace shekara [16]), kuma ƙaruwa a cikin hazo saboda canjin yanayi na iya haifar da lalacewar palsa da narkewa. Karin dusar ƙanƙara na iya nufin cewa palsas sun fi ƙanƙanta sabili da haka ba sa samun sanyi a cikin hunturu. Sabanin haka, karuwar ruwan sama a cikin watanni na rani na iya haifar da yanayin zafi na ƙasa mafi girma da kuma canja wurin zafi zuwa ainihin palsa. Sakamakon ya riga ya kasance bayyane: yawancin karatu [7] sun ba da rahoton lalacewar palsa mires a cikin shekarun da suka gabata tare da babban dalilin asarar yankin zama shine canjin yanayi.[17][18][8] An yi amfani da samfuran ambulaf ɗin yanayi don hango hasashen rarrabawar palsas a nan gaba a ƙarƙashin Yanayin canjin yanayi daban-daban: ɗayan irin wannan binciken ya gano cewa Fennoscandia na iya zama yanayin da bai dace da palsas ba a shekara ta 2040, kuma ana buƙatar ragewa mai ƙarfi (SSP1-2.6) don riƙe wani yanki mai dacewa don palsas a Yammacin Siberia.[19]

Wani abu kuma shi ne barbashi daga yanayin yanayi wanda zai iya rinjayar hydrochemistry da raguwar kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, gine-ginen al'umma da kuma irin waɗannan da ke da tasiri a kan ilimin ruwa da hydrochemistry na iya lalata mazaunin palsa mires. Amma, tasirin daga irin wannan aikin ba shi da yawa idan aka yi la'akari da girman yankin da ya faru wanda yake da girma idan aka kwatanta da yankin da ya shafi.[15] Palsa mires wani nau'i ne na mazaunin da aka ba da fifiko a cikin Dokokin EU na Species and Habitats sabili da haka kiyaye palsa mires a cikin Sweden da Finland yana da matukar sha'awa.[8] Za'a iya cika kiyaye wannan mazaunin tare da matakan irin wannan cewa suna ci gaba da kasancewa da matsayi mai kyau na kiyayewa kuma ana kauce wa lalacewar palsa. Amma a cikin 2013 Sweden ta ba da rahoton matsayin kiyayewa ga palsa mires ya zama matalauta kuma a wurare da yawa palsas sun rushe kuma akwai babban haɗari na halaka.

Tasiri a kan yanayin halittu da jinsuna

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Wani nau'in palsa na al'ada yana da babban matakin bambancin halittu, daga nau'ikan nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban zuwa ƙananan kwayoyin kamar kwayoyin cuta. Wannan yafi yawa saboda musamman saboda kyawawan abubuwan da ke cikin minerotrophic-ombrotrophic da kuma yanayin teburin ruwa, wanda ke ba da damar kasancewar microhabitats da yawa da aka rarraba a matakai daban-daban na rigar. Palsa mires an jera su a matsayin nau'in mazaunin fifiko ta Tarayyar Turai, kuma canjin yanayi na iya haifar da babban haɗari ga tsarin halittu.[20] Kodayake an gudanar da bincike mai yawa game da lalacewar palsa mires, har yanzu akwai babban rata game da abin da ke tattare da rikice-rikice na halittu a cikin yanayin halittu. A zahiri, ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da kwayoyin da ke zaune a cikin palsas ba. Yana da mahimmanci a sami ƙarin ilimi game da rarraba waɗannan kwayoyin, da kuma alamu na wadatar jinsuna na dogon lokaci, don fahimtar da hango hasashen yiwuwar asarar palsa. Ba tare da wannan mahimmin ilimin ba, fahimtar muhimmancin halittu na palsa mires yana da wuyar tantancewa.

Binciken da ake da shi game da tasirin muhalli na koma baya ba shi da yawa. Kamar yadda yawancin nau'o'in kiwo ba na musamman ga palsa mires ba, tambayar yiwuwar halakawa sakamakon raguwar palsa mirs har yanzu ba tabbatacce ba ne. Ba a kai ba duk da haka, don ba da shawarar cewa homogenization na palsa mires zai kawo sakamakon halittu. Akwai wasu (ko da yake kaɗan) binciken da aka gudanar akan abubuwan muhalli da ke da alhakin yawan jinsuna, wanda zurfin teburin ruwa shine abin da aka ba da shawara. Don samun nasarar gudanar da cikakken bincike kan tasirin halittu masu yawa a wannan yanki, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tsara nau'ikan halittu da yawa da ke zaune a yankunan palsa.[21]  

Bambance-bambance da kamanceceniya tsakanin pingos da palsas

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Dukansu palsas da pingos sune tuddai na sanyi; duk da haka, pingos yawanci sun fi palsas girma kuma suna iya kaiwa tsawo sama da 50 m, yayin da mafi girman palsas ba ya wuce 7-10 m. [10] Mafi mahimmanci, palsas ba su da ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙanta, ko kankara wanda ke samuwa sakamakon ruwan ƙasa na gida. Koyaya, ga pingos, halayyar ma'anar ita ce kasancewar kankara mai shiga tsakani a cikin mafi yawan ainihin. Palsas ya samo asali ne daga tarin ruwan kankara ta hanyar cryosuction, da pingos sakamakon matsin lamba idan yana buɗewa, da matsin lamba na hydrostatic idan an rufe shi.[22]

Bugu da ƙari, sabanin pingos waɗanda yawanci ke warewa, palsas yawanci suna tasowa a cikin ƙungiyoyi tare da wasu palsas, kamar a cikin abin da ake kira palsa bog.[10][3] Ba kamar pingos ba, palsas ba sa buƙatar permafrost da ke kewaye da su don girma, ganin yadda palsa ne permafrest. Pingos kuma suna girma a ƙasa da Layer mai aiki, wanda shine zurfin da zagaye na shekara-shekara ke faruwa, kuma palsas suna girma a cikin Layer mai kunnawa.[3]

Dukkanin palsas da pingos sun samo asali ne daga daskarewa na ruwa zuwa kankara. Palsas, duk da haka, ba lallai bane su buƙatar matsin lamba mai kyau (don yin allurar ruwa), tunda ƙasa mai laushi tana da ruwa kuma sabili da haka tana da isasshen wadata don tsinkaye mai girma.[3]

Palsas na iya girma a gefe har zuwa wani nau'i mai yawa yana samar da "palsa plateau", wanda aka fi sani da "permafrost plateau". Pingos ba sa girma a gefe har zuwa daidai saboda ci gaban pingos yana da yawa sama; don haka koyaushe tuddai ne. Hakazalika, palsas na iya raguwa a gefe yayin da suke riƙe da tsayinsu; lalacewar pingos suna bin tsari daban.[23]

Ma'anar kalmomi da ma'anar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Palsa (jama'a: palsas) kalma ce daga Harshen Finnish wanda ke nufin "hummock da ke tashi daga wani bog tare da core na kankara", wanda shi ma aro ne daga Arewacin Sami, balsa . [24] Kamar yadda palsas musamman ke tasowa a cikin moorlands, saboda haka ana kiransu palsamoors. Bugor da bulginniakhs kalmomi ne na gaba ɗaya a cikin Harshen Rasha (na ƙarshe na asalin Yakutian) don duka palsas da pingos.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 3 Kujala, Kauko; Seppälä, Matti; Holappa, Teuvo (2008). "Physical properties of peat and palsa formation". Cold Regions Science and Technology (in Turanci). 52 (3): 408–414. Bibcode:2008CRST...52..408K. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.08.002. ISSN 0165-232X.
  2. ↑ Sollid, J. L.; Sørbel, L. (1974). "Palsa bogs at Haugtjørnin, Dovrefjell, South Norway". Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift (in Turanci). 28 (1): 53–60. Bibcode:1974NGTid..28...53S. doi:10.1080/00291957408621868. ISSN 0029-1951.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "OUGS Mainland Europe | The Open University Geological Society: Palsas & Lithalsas (2005)". www.ougseurope.org. Archived from the original on 2021-12-09. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Seppälä, Matti (2011). "Synthesis of studies of palsa formation underlining the importance of local environmental and physical characteristics". Quaternary Research (in Turanci). 75 (2): 366–370. Bibcode:2011QuRes..75..366S. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2010.09.007. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 129299212.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Seppälä, Matti (1986). "The origin of palsas". Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography. 68 (3): 141–147. Bibcode:1986GeAnA..68..141S. doi:10.1080/04353676.1986.11880167.
  6. ↑ Sollid, Johan Ludvig; Sørbel, Leif (1998). "Palsa Bogs as a Climate Indicator: Examples from Dovrefjell, Southern Norway". Ambio. 27 (4): 287–291. ISSN 0044-7447. JSTOR 4314737.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sollid, Johan Ludvig; Sørbel, Leif (1998). "Palsa Bogs as a Climate Indicator: Examples from Dovrefjell, Southern Norway". Ambio. 27 (4): 287–291. ISSN 0044-7447. JSTOR 4314737.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wramner, P. Wester, K. Backe, S. Gunnarsson, U. Hahn, N. (2017). "Palsmyren Mannavuoma – förändringar under ett halvsekel". Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. 111: 3–4: 140–151.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. 1 2 Zuidhoff, Frieda S.; Kolstrup, Else (2005). "Palsa Development and Associated Vegetation in Northern Sweden". Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research (in Turanci). 37 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1657/1523-0430(2005)037[0049:PDAAVI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1523-0430. S2CID 130063886.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Jahn, Alfred (1986). "Remarks on the origin of palsa frost mounds". Biuletyn Peryglacjalny. 31: 123–130.
  11. ↑ "pals". Nationalencyklopedin (in Harshen Suwedan). Cydonia Development. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  12. 1 2 3 Zuidhoff, Frieda S.; Kolstrup, Else (2005). "Palsa Development and Associated Vegetation in Northern Sweden". Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research (in Turanci). 37 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1657/1523-0430(2005)037[0049:PDAAVI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1523-0430. S2CID 130063886.
  13. ↑ Seppälä, Matti (2011). "Synthesis of studies of palsa formation underlining the importance of local environmental and physical characteristics". Quaternary Research (in Turanci). 75 (2): 366–370. Bibcode:2011QuRes..75..366S. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2010.09.007. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 129299212.
  14. ↑ Jorge Rabassa. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. 1 2 "Natura 2000: Myrar -> Palsmyrar". Naturvårdsverket (in Harshen Suwedan). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  16. ↑ Parviainen, Miia; Luoto, Miska (2007). "Climate envelopes of mire complex types in fennoscandia". Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography (in Turanci). 89 (2): 137–151. Bibcode:2007GeAnA..89..137P. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0459.2007.00314.x. ISSN 0435-3676.
  17. ↑ Borge, Amund F.; Westermann, Sebastian; Solheim, Ingvild; Etzelmüller, Bernd (2017-01-02). "Strong degradation of palsas and peat plateaus in northern Norway during the last 60 years". The Cryosphere (in Turanci). 11 (1): 1–16. Bibcode:2017TCry...11....1B. doi:10.5194/tc-11-1-2017. ISSN 1994-0416. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  18. ↑ Zuidhoff, Frieda S; Kolstrup, Else (2000). "Changes in palsa distribution in relation to climate change in Laivadalen, northern Sweden, especially 1960-1997". Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. 11 (1): 55–69. Bibcode:2000PPPr...11...55Z. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1530(200001/03)11:1<55::aid-ppp338>3.0.co;2-t. ISSN 1045-6740.
  19. ↑ Fewster, Richard E.; Morris, Paul J.; Ivanovic, Ruza F.; Swindles, Graeme T.; Peregon, Anna M.; Smith, Christopher J. (2022). "Imminent loss of climate space for permafrost peatlands in Europe and Western Siberia". Nature Climate Change (in Turanci). 12 (4): 373–379. Bibcode:2022NatCC..12..373F. doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01296-7. ISSN 1758-6798.
  20. ↑ Luoto, Miska; Heikkinen, Risto K.; Carter, Timothy R. (2004). "Loss of palsa mires in Europe and biological consequences". Environmental Conservation (in Turanci). 31 (1): 30–37. Bibcode:2004EnvCo..31...30L. doi:10.1017/S0376892904001018. ISSN 0376-8929. S2CID 86157282.
  21. ↑ Luoto, Miska; Heikkinen, Risto K.; Carter, Timothy R. (2004). "Loss of palsa mires in Europe and biological consequences". Environmental Conservation (in Turanci). 31 (1): 30–37. Bibcode:2004EnvCo..31...30L. doi:10.1017/S0376892904001018. ISSN 0376-8929. S2CID 86157282.
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Elsevier".
  23. ↑ Ross Mackay, J. (1978). "Contemporary pingos: A discussion". Biuletyn Peryglacjalny. 27: 133–154.
  24. ↑ "Definition of palsa | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
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