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Tim Jenkin

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Tim Jenkin
Rayuwa
HaihuwaCape Town, 1948 (77/78 shekaru)
ƙasaAfirka ta kudu
Karatu
MakarantaJami'ar Cape Town
Rondebosch Boys' High School (en) Fassara
Rondebosch Boys' Preparatory School (en) Fassara
HarsunaTuranci
Sana'a
Sana'amarubuci
IMDbnm9015500

Timothy Peter Jenkin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948) marubuci ne na Afirka ta Kudu, mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata kuma tsohon fursunonin siyasa. An fi saninsa da tserewa daga gidan yarin Pretoria na 1979 (wani ɓangare na gidan yarin tsakiya na Pretoria), tare da Stephen Lee da Alex Moumbaris .

Tarihin rayuwa

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Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

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An haifi Jenkin ne a Cape Town kuma ta yi karatu a makarantar Rondebosch Boys' Prep da Boys' High School, [1] [2] tana karatun shekaru 17.[3] Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya guje wa shiga cikin Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya yi aiki a ayyuka daban-daban na tsawon shekaru biyu, ba tare da wani sha'awa ba sai dai tseren babur. Ya tafi Burtaniya a shekarar 1970, inda, yana aiki a masana'antar fibreglass a karkashin yanayin aiki mara kyau da karamin albashi, ya sami tsarin ba daidai ba kuma ya ci gaba da sha'awar ilimin zamantakewa. Wannan ya kai shi ga ƙarin koyo game da rashin adalci a ƙasarsa.[3] Daga baya ya rubuta cewa ya "yi girma a matsayin 'al'ada' fararen Afirka ta Kudu" wanda "ya yarda da tsarin ba tare da tunani ba kuma shekaru ashirin da daya bai taba tambayarsa ba".[3]

A ƙarshen 1970 Jenkin ya shiga Jami'ar Cape Town (UCT) kuma ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya ta Jama'a a ƙarshen 1973. [4][3]

Ayyukan siyasa na farko

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Jenkin ta sadu da Stephen Lee a cikin aji na zamantakewa a UCT . Sun zama abokai kuma, a cikin wani sashi na Afirka ta Kudu na Samizdat, Jenkins da Lee sun nemi wallafe-wallafen da Jam'iyyar National Party mai mulki ta haramta. Daga nan sai suka kwafe shi kuma suka musanya shi da wasu dalibai. Dukansu sun sami ilimin zamantakewarsu ya zama abin takaici, yayin da kayan suka karfafa halin da ake ciki na wariyar launin fata. Ta hanyar karatun kayan da gwamnati ta haramta, sun zo don ganin "gaskiyar tsirara" na wariyar launin fata da kuma halin da ba na dimokuradiyya ba na jam'iyyar da ke mulki, kuma sun ji sha'awar yin canji mai kyau, wanda, Jenkin ya kammala, zai yiwu ne kawai ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin mulkin yanzu. A wannan lokacin sun koyi game da ayyukan African National Congress (ANC), wanda kungiya ce ba bisa ka'ida ba a Afirka ta Kudu.

A watan Fabrairun 1974, Jenkin da Lee sun bar kasar don shiga ANC a Landan, tare da niyyar taimakawa wajen kawo canji a Afirka ta Kudu. A nan, Jenkin ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba Robin. Yayinda yake jiran izinin zama memba, Jenkin ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin zamantakewa a makarantar sake fasalin a Swindon. Bayan karɓar ANC, shi da Lee sun sami horo daga ANC a cikin dabaru daban-daban, musamman yadda za a yada takardun farfaganda, da kuma yadda za a kafa sadarwa da tsarin kuɗi.[3]

Bayan dawowa Cape Town a watan Yulin 1975, Lee da Jenkin sun sayi na'urar buga takardu, duplicator da kayan aiki don bugawa da aika takardu kuma sun fara hayar garage sannan kuma karamin gida. Jenkin ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike ga Cibiyar Ci gaban Jama'a a Jami'ar Western Cape, jami'a ce ga 'yan Afirka ta Kudu na asalin Launi fata, ko Coloureds.[3] A watan Maris na shekara ta 1976, Lee ya tafi Johannesburg don neman aiki, kuma ANC ta aika su duka biyu a kan aikin su na farko, don watsar da takardu da ke kira ga goyon baya ga ANC ta hanyar bam (ta amfani da sabon ƙirar da Jenkin ya kirkira) a Johannesburg, kusa da ranar tunawa da Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville a ranar 21 ga Maris. Sun cimma wannan manufa, suna sarrafawa don rarraba daruruwan takardu ta hanyar bama-bamai da yawa, wanda aka sake rubuta rubutun a cikin tarihin Jenkin.[3]

Bayan nasarar aikinsu na farko, Jenkin ya yi aiki a kan inganta tsarin ta hanyar ƙara tsarin haifar da bam ɗin takarda, don haka ba za su kasance kusa da shi ba lokacin da ya tashi. Ya samu nasarar rarraba takardu ta wannan hanyar a Grand Parade na Cape Town. Lee ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Witwatersrand, yayin da Jenkin ya gudanar da "cell" da kansa a Cape Town.[3] Jenkin ya tafi London bisa buƙatar ANC a watan Mayu 1976, yayin da Lee ya ci gaba da dasa bama-bamai a kusa da Johannesburg. A watan Yulin, an kama jami'an ANC guda hudu ciki har da marubucin Jeremy Cronin suna yin irin wannan aiki a Cape Town kuma an ba su hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku.[3]

Ba tare da ya damu ba, Jenkin ya ci gaba da aiki a Cape Town, yana samun sabon wuri kuma yana canza kayan bugawa a kai a kai, kuma dukansu biyu sun ci gaba da fashewar bam a Johannesburg. Akwai wasu alamun damuwa cewa ana saka idanu kan Jenkin, amma ya tafi London don ganin Robin na makonni shida kuma ya dawo ba tare da wani abin da ya faru ba. A watan Satumba, shi da Lee sun rataye tutar mita 10 tare da kalmomin "ANC LIVES" daga wani babban gini a tsakiyar Cape Town, tare da na'urar da aka tsara wanda ya rarraba daruruwan takardu a kan taron da ke ƙasa. Lee ya koma Cape Town a watan Disamba bayan ya shiga digiri na biyu a fannin zamantakewa, kuma biyun sun ci gaba da aikin su na sirri, amma ba tare da sanin su ba a wannan lokacin suna karkashin kulawar Sashin Tsaro na 'Yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudu. [5]

Kama da Gidan Yari

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Da misalin ƙarfe 3 na safe ranar 2 ga Maris 1978, an kama Jenkin da Lee bayan an gan su suna ɗaukar kayan bugunsu zuwa gidan da suke zaune. Ba su taɓa sanar da su yadda 'yan sandan leken asiri suka gano su ba, amma Jenkin ya fahimci cewa tabbas aikin bincike ne mai zurfi da kuma dogon leƙen asiri ne ya kai ga haka.[6][7][8][9]

An kai su Cibiyar 'Yan Sanda ta Caledon Square a Cape Town, hedkwatar Reshen Tsaro, inda aka raba su, aka yi musu tambayoyi kuma aka kulle su cikin sel ba tare da an shaida musu laifin da ake zarginsu da shi ko hakkokinsu ba. Wannan kuwa yana da izini a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 6 na dokar Terrorism Act ta 1967, wadda ke bada dama a tsare mutum ba tare da shari’a ba har zuwa kwanaki 60, kuma tana da damar tsawaita. Lee ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa kuma kusan ya yi nasara.[10] Bayan wani lokaci a mashahurin gidan yari na John Vorster Square a Johannesburg, an mayar da su Cape Town, kuma bayan makonni huɗu aka ba su damar ganin iyalansu, aka tsare su a Gidan Yarin Pollsmoor yayin da ake jiran shari’a. Bayan mahaifin Lee ya kawo masa littafin Papillon, littafin ya ba su ƙwarin gwiwa don su ɗauki shirin tserewa da muhimmanci, inda suka fara lura da yanayin da suke ciki da kyau.[11]

Tare da Lee, an gurfanar da Jenkin da laifin "ƙirƙira da rarraba takardu guda 18 bisa sunan kungiyoyin da aka haramta" ciki har da South African Communist Party, ANC da reshen soja na Umkhonto we Sizwe daga 1975 zuwa 1978, da kuma tunzura mutane su shiga gwagwarmayar 'yanci. An gudanar da shari’ar a Kotun Koli ta Cape Town daga 6 zuwa 15 ga Yuni 1978. Bisa shawarar lauyoyi, dukkansu suka amsa laifin da ake tuhumarsu da shi. An same su da laifi ɗaya, inda aka yanke wa Jenkin hukuncin shekaru 12 a gidan yari, yayin da Lee ya samu shekaru takwas.[13]

Guduwa

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Bayan tsare su, Jenkin, Lee da wasu fursunoni suka fara tsara yadda za su gudu, wanda ya haɗa da yin kwafi na makullan ƙofofin gidan yari da Jenkin ya yi daga katako da igiya ƙarfe.[14] Jenkin ya shigo da kuɗi a ɓoye cikin gidan yari. A farkon shirin, fursunoni na siyasa guda takwas ne za su gudu, su bar wasu biyu da saura kaɗan su kammala hukuncinsu. Ɗaya daga cikin masu shirin tserewa, Denis Goldberg, ya tuntuɓi abokan gwagwarmaya a ANC ta hanyar wasiku da aka ɓoye sako zuwa Baruch Hirson a London. Hirson ya isar da saƙon zuwa Joe Slovo a Mozambique, inda aka tsayar da rana da motar tserewa aka tanadar.[16]

Yayin da shirin ke cigaba, sai aka gano cewa dole ne a taƙaita masu tserewa zuwa mutane uku kawai, waɗanda za su buƙaci ɓoyewa a cikin ƙaramin ɗaki. Shirye-shiryen gudun sun haifar da sabani tsakanin wasu daga cikin fursunonin siyasa, amma duk da haka sun ci gaba da kasancewa abokan gwagwarmaya, kowa ya bada gudunmawa. Gaskiyar cewa duk an tsare su ne saboda ra’ayinsu na siyasa ya haɗa su wuri guda, kuma “a matsayinsu na mambobin ƙungiyar juyin juya hali, sun kasance masu ladabi kuma suna karɓar wahala tare.”[17] Goldberg da wasu suka janye daga shirin guduwa, amma Goldberg ya ci gaba da taimaka wa wajen shiri.[18]

A watan Disamba 1979, Jenkin, Lee da wani fursuna mai suna Alex Moumbaris[19][7] suka tsere daga gidan yari na Pretoria Central ta amfani da makullin da suka ƙera da hannu don buɗe ƙofofi goma har zuwa waje, bayan shafe lokaci suna kaucewa matsaloli da dama da ba su yi tsammani ba.[20] Goldberg ya shagaltar da mai gadi yayin da ukun suka tsere.[9] Titin ya kasance babu mutane, amma duk da haka dole ne su nemi hanyar fita daga Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Mozambique domin samun 'yanci. Wannan ya haɗa da tsare-tsare masu yawa, sai dai da yawa daga cikin matsalolin sun bayyana ne lokacin tafiyar su ta ƙetare Angola, Zambia da Tanzania har suka isa London.[21]

Rayuwa bayan gidan yari

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Jenkin da Lee sun bayyana a taron manema labarai a Lusaka tare da Oliver Tambo a ranar 2 ga Janairu 1980 don ba da labarinsu,[22] kafin su koma London, inda Jenkin ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in bincike a International Defence and Aid Fund.[4] Shi da Lee sun yi yawon jawabi a Sweden a farkon shekarun 1980.[23]

Yayin da yake zaune a Islington a London, har yanzu tare da ANC, Jenkin ya kirkiro wata hanya ta sadarwa ta ɓoye domin ANC ta rika sadarwa da wakilanta. Ana shigar da saƙonni cikin kwamfuta, a na ɓoye su, sannan a adana su cikin kaset ɗin murya, daga nan a aika su daga akwatin waya na jama'a zuwa injin ɗaukar saƙon waya. Wannan tsarin bai taɓa faskara ba kuma ya taimaka wa ANC wajen daidaita shirye-shiryen saki Nelson Mandela daga gidan yari.[8]

A cikin 2024, an saki lambobin kwamfuta masu alaƙa da tsarin ɓoyewa da sadarwa na Operation Vula kuma yanzu yana samuwa a Github.[24]

Jenkin ya koma Afirka ta Kudu a 1991 domin ya kula da tsarin sadarwa na ANC. Ya yi aiki a sashen shirye-shiryen zaɓe na ANC tun daga 1994 (shekarar da aka yi zaɓen dimokuradiyya na farko a Afirka ta Kudu), kafin a naɗa shi shugaban Sashen Bayanan Lantarki na ANC a Cape Town daga baya a shekarar. A 1997, ya zama daraktan Unwembi Communications (Pty) Ltd.[3]

A kusan ƙarshen shekarar dubu biyu, Jenkin ya kafa Community Exchange System, wata hanyar musayar kaya ko ayyuka ba tare da amfani da kuɗi ba ta intanet domin al'ummomi, makamancin Local Exchange Trading System (LETS), inda shi ne ya rubuta dukkan lambar shirin.[25] Shekara goma bayan haka Jenkin ya ƙirƙiri Clearing Central, wata hanyar musayar da ba ta amfani da kuɗi tsakanin kungiyoyi. A 2015 ya yi yawon jawabi a faɗin ƙasar Australia wanda Karel Boele ya shirya, yana magana kan tserewarsa da kuma batun kuɗin al'umma.[26]

A 2017, kungiyar Toool Netherlands ta gayyace shi domin ya yi magana game da fasahar buɗe kulle da ta taimaka masa wajen tserewa.

Gamsuwa

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  • A shekarar 2007 an zabe shi a matsayin Ashoka fellow saboda aikinsa da ci gaba a tsarin Musayar Al'umma.[25]
  • A watan Afrilu 2018 an ba shi lambar yabo ta RSA Conference don kwarewarsa a fannin Ayyukan Jinƙai.[27][28]

Litattafai, Talabijin da Fina-finai

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A shekarar 1987, an wallafa littafinsa, Escape from Pretoria, a birnin London.[3] An sake buga sabon sigar littafin a Johannesburg da London da suna Inside Out : Escape from Pretoria Prison a shekarar 2003.[2] A shekarar 1995, Jenkin ya rubuta jerin labarai guda shida da ake kira Talking to Vula: The Story of the Secret Underground Communications Network of Operation Vula.[29][30] A shekarar 2013, an tsara labarin ficewar gidan yari a matsayin shirin kwaikwayo a kashi na 7 na kakar biyu na Breakout, wani shirin talabijin da tashar National Geographic TV ta shirya wanda ke kwaikwayon ficewa daga gidan yari na gaskiya. Bidiyon na dauke da yanke-yanken hira da Jenkin, Lee, Moumbaris, da Goldberg da aka yi a shekarar 2012, a tsakanin yadda aka sake kwaikwayon yadda ficewar ta faru.[9]

A shekarar 2014, an kera fim din nan mai suna The Vula Connection, wanda ke magana akan Jenkin da rawar da ya taka wajen samar da wata dabara ta sirrin sadarwa da ta baiwa 'yan Operation Vula damar shiga kasar Afrika ta Kudu cikin sirri, har zuwa aikewa da sakonni ga Nelson Mandela da ke tsare a gidan yari, fim din ya kasance aiki na Marion Edmunds.[31][32]

A watan Mayu 2017, an sanar da cewa za a fara daukar fim din da aka tsara daga littafin Jenkin, wanda David Barron ya shirya kuma Daniel Radcliffe ya fito a matsayin Jenkin da Ian Hart a matsayin Goldberg.[33][34] Daukar fim din Escape from Pretoria ya fara a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia, a watan Maris da Afrilun 2019, inda Daniel Webber ya shiga jerin 'yan fim a matsayin Lee.[35][36] Jenkin ya shafe wani lokaci a Adelaide yana ba Radcliffe shawara akan yadda ake magana da sauran fannoni na fim din, har ma ya fito a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fursunoni kusa da Radcliffe a dakin taro. An fitar da fim din a ranar 6 ga Maris, 2020, da fari a Birtaniya da Amurka sannan daga baya a duniya baki ɗaya. Ya kuma halarci wani taron parkrun na cikin gida, wani abin nishadi wanda ya ce yana da tushe tun lokacin da yake yawan gudu a gidan yari don samun lafiya.[37]

Aiyukan da aka wallafa

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  • Escape from Pretoria (PDF). London: Kliptown. 1987. ISBN 978-0-904759-77-8. OCLC 924674792.
  • "Talking to Vula: The Story of the Secret Underground Communications Network of Operation Vula". 1995. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018.
  • Inside Out: Escape from Pretoria Prison (repr. illus. ed.). Jacana Media. 2003. ISBN 978-1-919931-50-0. OCLC 653065100.
  • "Operation Vula encryption and communication programming code". GitHub.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Rondebosch Boys' High School: 2018" (PDF). Rondebosch Boys' High School. 2018. p. 50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 Jenkin 2003.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Jenkin 1987.
  4. 1 2 "Tim Peter Jenkin". South African History Online. 24 May 2017. Archived from the original on 8 July 2025. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  5. ↑ Jenkin 1987
  6. ↑ Jenkin 1987, pp. 29–31
  7. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "SAHObio".
  8. 1 2 Parry 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "jailbreak".
  10. ↑ Jenkin 1987, pp. 31–38
  11. ↑ Jenkin 1987, pp. 44–45
  12. ↑ Jenkin 1987, p. 60.
  13. ↑ [12]
  14. ↑ LockCon 2017: Tim Jenkin - Escape from Pretoria (in Turanci), 26 October 2017, retrieved 2023-08-08
  15. 1 2 Goldberg 2015, pp. 170-188.
  16. ↑ [15]
  17. ↑ [2]
  18. ↑ [15]
  19. ↑ "Alex Moumbaris". South African History Online. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  20. ↑ [3]
  21. ↑ [3]
  22. ↑ Tambo, Oliver (2 January 1980). "Press Conference by O. R. Tambo, Introducing Alexandre Moumbaris, Stephen Lee and Timothy Jenkin who Escaped from Prison in South Africa". South African History Online. Lusaka. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  23. ↑ Gray 2014, p. 87, Ch. 12.
  24. ↑ "Operation Vula encryption and communication programming code". GitHub.
  25. 1 2 "Timothy Jenkin". Ashoka. 2007. Archived from the original on 2019-03-13. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  26. ↑ "Should communities be able to design their own currencies?: National speaking tour with Tim Jenkin and Karel Boele". Jnana Australia. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  27. ↑ "Award for Excellence in the Field of Humanitarian Service". RSA Conference. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  28. ↑ "RSAC TV Interview with Tim Jenkin" (video). RSA Conference. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  29. ↑ Jenkin 1995.
  30. ↑ Garrett & Edwards 2016, pp. 13–26.
  31. ↑ The Vula Connection on YouTube
  32. ↑ "Marion Edmunds filmography".
  33. ↑ Mitchell 2017.
  34. ↑ Grater 2017.
  35. ↑ Sutton 2019.
  36. ↑ "Daniel Radcliffe touches down in Adelaide for new movie". 7News Adelaide. 17 February 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  37. ↑ "Tim's back on the run". The Advertiser. Adelaide Confidential. 29 March 2019. p. 6. Missing or empty |url= (help)

Majiya

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Mahaɗa

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