Triglyceride
 Triglyceride | |
|---|---|
structural class of chemical entities (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | glyceride (en) da triradylglycerol (en) |
| Mabiyi | diglyceride (en) |
| SMILES (mul) | [*]C(=O)OCC(COC([*])=O)OC([*])=O |
| CXSMILES (mul) | [*]C(=O)OCC(COC([*])=O)OC([*])=O |$R1;;;;;;;;;R3;;;;R2$| |
Triglyceride (daga tri- da glyceride ; haka kuma TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, ko triacylglyceride ) wani sinadari ne da aka samo daga glycerol da fatty acids guda uku. [1] Triglycerides sune manyan sinadaran da ke cikin kitsen jiki a cikin mutane da sauran halittu masu kashin baya da kuma kitsen kayan lambu . Haka kuma suna cikin jini don ba da damar canja wurin kitsen adipose da glucose na jini daga hanta kuma babban sashi ne na man fatar ɗan adam . [2]
Akwai nau'ikan triglycerides da yawa. Rarrabawa ɗaya tak ta mayar da hankali kan nau'ikan da suka cika da waɗanda ba su cika ba . Kitse mai cike ba shi da ƙungiyoyin C=C; kitse mara cika yana da ƙungiyoyi ɗaya ko fiye na C=C. Kitse mara cika yana da ƙarancin narkewa fiye da analogues masu cika; sakamakon haka, galibi suna da ruwa a zafin ɗaki.
Tsarin sinadarai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Madaidaitan fatty acids guda uku na iya zama iri ɗaya, amma yawanci suna da bambanci. Matsayin fatty acids guda uku an ƙayyade su ta amfani da lambobi na stereospecific kamar sn-1, sn-2, da sn-3. An ƙayyade abubuwan da ke cikin fats da mai da yawa. [3] An san triglycerides da yawa saboda an san fatty acids da yawa. Tsawon sarkar rukunin fatty acid ya bambanta a cikin triglycerides na halitta. Waɗanda ke ɗauke da atom carbon 16, 18, ko 20 an ayyana su a matsayin triglycerides mai tsayi, yayin da triglycerides mai matsakaici suna ɗauke da gajerun fatty acids. Dabbobi suna haɗa fatty acids masu adadi daidai, amma ƙwayoyin cuta suna da ikon haɗa fatty acids masu sarkar odd da branched. Sakamakon haka, kitsen dabbobi masu rai yana ɗauke da fatty acids masu lambobi iri ɗaya, kamar 15, saboda aikin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin rumen . Fatty acids da yawa ba su cika ba; wasu suna da polyunsaturated (misali, waɗanda aka samo daga linoleic acid ).
Yawancin kitse na halitta suna ɗauke da cakuda hadaddun triglycerides. Saboda bambancinsu, suna narkewa a yanayin zafi mai yawa. Man shanu na koko ba sabon abu bane domin yana ƙunshe da ƙananan triglycerides, waɗanda aka samo daga palmitic, oleic, da stearic acid a cikin matsayi 1-, 2-, da 3- na glycerol, bi da bi.
Mafi sauƙin triglycerides sune waɗanda fatty acids guda uku suka yi kama. Sunayensu suna nuna fatty acid: stearin da aka samo daga stearic acid, triolein da aka samo daga oleic acid, palmitin da aka samo daga palmitic acid, da sauransu. Ana iya samun waɗannan mahadi a cikin siffofi uku na crystalline ( polymorphs ): α, β, da β′, siffofin uku sun bambanta a wuraren narkewarsu. [4]
Ana kiran wani nau'in triglyceride mai ɗauke da fatty acids daban-daban da gauraye triglyceride . [5] Waɗannan sun fi yawa a yanayi.
Idan dukkan fatty acids guda uku da ke cikin glycerol sun bambanta, to triglycerides ɗin da aka haɗa za su yi kama da chiral .
Sifofin jiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Triglycerides ba su da launi, kodayake samfuran da suka lalace na iya bayyana launin rawaya. Stearin, wani sinadari mai sauƙi, mai cikakken bayani, mai daidaituwa, yana da ƙarfi kusa da zafin ɗaki, amma yawancin misalan mai ne. Yawan su ya kama daga kusan 0.89 tare da kitse mai tsayi sosai, zuwa kusan 0.93 zuwa 0.98 tare da matsakaiciyar sarka, da sama da 1.0 ga kitse mai gajeru sosai. [6]
Halittar Halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Triglycerides su ne tri- esters da aka samo daga amsawar glycerol tare da fatty acids guda uku. Tsarin su za a iya taƙaita shi ta hanyar lissafin gaba ɗaya mai zuwa:
A yanayi, samuwar triglycerides ba bazuwar ba ce; maimakon haka, takamaiman fatty acids ana haɗa su da ƙungiyoyin glycerol masu aiki na hydroxyl. Kitsen dabbobi yawanci suna da ragowar fatty acid mara cikas akan ƙwayoyin carbon 1 da 3. Misalan kitse marasa bazuwar sune man koko (wanda aka ambata a sama) da man kitse, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan 20% triglyceride tare da palmitic acid akan carbon 2 da oleic acid akan carbon 1 da 3. Mataki na farko a cikin biosynthesis shine samuwar glycerol-1-phosphate : [7]
An bambanta atom ɗin oxygen guda uku a cikin wannan phosphate ester, suna saita matakin samuwar triglycerides na regiospecific, yayin da diol ke amsawa da zaɓi tare da abubuwan da suka samo asali daga coenzyme-A na fatty acids, RC(O)S–CoA:
Sannan ana haɗa sinadarin phosphate ester don samar da hanyar gabatar da sinadarin fatty acid na uku:
Suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunayen kitse da aka fi sani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana sanya wa kitse suna ne saboda tushensa, misali, man zaitun, man hanta cod, man shanu na shea, kitsen wutsiya . Wasu suna da sunayen gargajiya nasu, misali, man shanu, man shanu, man shanu, da margarine . Abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan kitsen na halitta suna da ɗan bambanci. Sinadarin oleic acid a cikin man zaitun na iya bambanta daga kashi 64% zuwa 86%.
Sunayen sinadarai masu kitse mai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana kiran Triglycerides a matsayin esters na waɗannan acid ɗin, kamar yadda yake a cikin glyceryl 1,2-dioleate 3-palmitate, sunan brood pheromone na zuma. [8] Inda ragowar fatty acid a cikin triglyceride duk iri ɗaya ne, sunaye kamar olein (don glyceryl trioleate) da palmitin (don glyceryl tripalmitate) sun zama ruwan dare.
IUPAC
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin ƙungiyar gama gari ta International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 's (IUPAC's) na sunayen sinadarai na mahaɗan halitta, ana iya sanya wa kowane tsari na halitta suna ta hanyar farawa daga hydrocarbon ɗin da ya dace sannan a ƙayyade bambance-bambancen don bayyana tsarinsa gaba ɗaya. Ga fatty acids, misali, matsayi da yanayin haɗin carbon-carbon biyu an ƙayyade su daga ƙungiyar aiki ta carboxyl . Don haka, ana kiran oleic acid a hukumance (9 Z )-octadec-9-enoic acid, wanda ke bayyana cewa mahaɗin yana da:
- sarkar carbon mai lamba 18 ("octadec-") tare da carbon na carboxyl ("-oic acid") idan aka ba da lamba 1
- duk haɗin carbon-carbon guda ɗaya ne sai dai haɗin biyu sannan ya haɗa carbon 9 ("9-en") zuwa carbon 10
- sarkar tana haɗuwa da kowanne daga cikin carbons na haɗin biyu a gefe ɗaya (saboda haka, cis, ko "(9 Z )" - " Z " shine taƙaitaccen kalmar Jamusanci zusammen, ma'ana tare).
Sunayen IUPAC kuma suna iya sarrafa sarƙoƙi da abubuwan da suka samo asali inda ake maye gurbin atom ɗin hydrogen da wasu ƙungiyoyin sinadarai. Triglycerides suna ɗaukar sunayen IUPAC na hukuma bisa ga ƙa'idar da ke kula da sanya sunayen esters. Misali, sunan hukuma propane-1,2,3-tryl 1,2-bis((9 Z )-octadec-9-enoate) 3-(hexadecanoate) ya shafi pheromone wanda aka sanya masa suna ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a matsayin glyceryl 1,2-dioleate-3-palmitate, [8] kuma an san shi da wasu sunaye gama gari waɗanda suka haɗa da 1,2-dioleoyl-3-palmitoylglycerol, glycerol dioleate palmitate, da 3-palmito-1,2-diolein.
Lambar mai mai acid
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Alamar da ta keɓance ga fatty acids masu sarkar da ba ta da reshe, wadda take daidai da ta IUPAC amma mafi sauƙin fassara, ita ce lambar siffar "{N}:{D} cis -{CCC} trans -{TTT}", inda {N} shine adadin carbons (gami da wanda ke da carboxyl), {D} shine adadin haɗin biyu, {CCC} shine jerin matsayin haɗin biyu na cis, kuma {TTT} shine jerin matsayin haɗin trans . Ko dai ko duka jerin cis da trans da lakabinsu an cire su idan babu haɗin da yawa tare da wannan yanayin. Misali, lambobin stearic, oleic, elaidic, da vaccenic acid sune "18:0", "18:1 cis -9", "18:1 trans -9", da "18:1 trans -11", bi da bi. Catalpic acid, (9 E ,11 E ,13 Z )-octadeca-9,11,13-trienoic acid bisa ga sunaye na IUPAC, yana da lambar "18:3 cis -13 trans -9,11".
Kitse mai cikakke da wanda ba shi da kitse
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ga abinci mai gina jiki na ɗan adam, muhimmin rarrabuwa na kitse ya dogara ne akan adadin da matsayin haɗin gwiwa biyu a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin kitse. Kitse mai cikakken kitse yana da rinjayen kitse mai cikakken kitse, ba tare da haɗin gwiwa biyu ba, yayin da kitse mara cikakken kitse yana da galibin kitse marasa cikakken kitse tare da haɗin gwiwa biyu. (Sunayen suna nuni ga gaskiyar cewa kowane haɗin gwiwa biyu yana nufin ƙarancin atom hydrogen guda biyu a cikin dabarar sinadarai. Don haka, cikakken fatty acid, wanda ba shi da haɗin gwiwa biyu, yana da matsakaicin adadin atom hydrogen don wani adadin atom carbon da aka bayar. – wato, yana "cikakke" da atom ɗin hydrogen.) [9] [10]
Ana ƙara rarraba fatty acids marasa cikawa zuwa monounsaturated (MUFAs), tare da haɗin kai biyu, da kuma polyunsaturated (PUFAs), tare da biyu ko fiye. [9] [10] Kitse na halitta yawanci yana ɗauke da acid mai cike da sinadarai daban-daban, har ma a kan kwayar halitta ɗaya. Misali, a yawancin man kayan lambu, ragowar acid mai cike da sinadarai (C16:0) da stearic (C18:0) yawanci ana haɗa su zuwa matsayi na 1 da 3 (sn1 da sn3) na glycerol hub, yayin da matsakaicin matsayi (sn2) yawanci yana ɗauke da wanda ba shi da cikawa, kamar oleic (C18:1, ω–9) ko linoleic (C18:2, ω–6). [11] )
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Sitaric acid (cikakke, C18:0) |
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Palmitoleic acid (mono-unsaturated, C16:1 cis -9, omega-7) |
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Oleic acid (mono-unsaturated, C18:1 cis -9, omega-9) |
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α-Linolenic acid (polyunsaturated, C18:3 cis -9,12,15, omega-3) |
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γ-Linolenic acid (polyunsaturated, C18:3 cis -6,9,12, omega-6) |
Kitse mai cikakken kitse gabaɗaya yana da mafi girman wurin narkewa fiye da waɗanda ba su da cikakken kitse waɗanda ke da nauyin kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya, don haka suna da yuwuwar yin tauri a zafin ɗaki. Misali, kitsen dabbobi masu tallow da man shanu suna da yawan kitse mai cikakken kitse kuma suna da tauri. Man zaitun da linseed a gefe guda kuma ba su da cikakken kitse kuma ruwa ne. Kitse mara cikakken kitse yana iya zama mai guba ta iska, wanda ke sa su zama masu laushi kuma ba za a iya ci ba.
Ana iya canza haɗin kai biyu a cikin kitse mara cika zuwa haɗin kai ɗaya ta hanyar amsawa da hydrogen wanda wani abu mai kara kuzari ke yi. Wannan tsari, wanda ake kira hydrogenation, ana amfani da shi don mayar da man kayan lambu zuwa kitsen kayan lambu mai ƙarfi ko mara ƙarfi kamar margarine, wanda zai iya maye gurbin tallow da man shanu kuma (ba kamar kitse mara cika ba) yana tsayayya da rushewar sinadarai. A wasu yanayi, hydrogenation na iya haifar da wasu sinadarai masu canza sinadarai marasa amfani daga cis acid. [12]
A cikin metabolism na ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin kitse marasa cikawa suna samar da ɗan ƙarancin kuzari (watau, ƙarancin kalori ) fiye da adadin kitse mai cikakken kitse. An auna zafin konewar esters mai kitse mai cikakken kitse mai 18-carbon mai cikakken kitse kamar 2859, 2828, 2794, da 2750 kcal/mol, bi da bi; ko kuma, bisa ga nauyi, 10.75, 10.71, 10.66, da 10.58 kcal/g – raguwar kusan kashi 0.6% ga kowace ƙarin haɗin gwiwa biyu. [13]
Girman matakin rashin cikawa a cikin fatty acid (watau, yawan haɗin kai biyu a cikin fatty acid) yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da lipid peroxidation ( rancidity ). Antioxidants na iya kare kitse mara cikawa daga lipid peroxidation.
Aikace-aikacen kasuwanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da cewa sinadaran polyunsaturated fatty acids sune mafi mahimmanci a cikin abincin, waɗannan kayan suna da amfani ba tare da la'akari da abinci ba.
Man linseed da mai masu alaƙa suna da mahimmanci a cikin samfuran amfani da ake amfani da su a cikin fenti mai da kuma shafa mai masu alaƙa. Man linseed yana da wadataccen sinadarin fatty acid di- da tri-unsaturated, waɗanda galibi suna taurare a gaban iskar oxygen. Wannan tsarin taurare mai samar da zafi yana da alaƙa da waɗannan man busarwa . Yana faruwa ne ta hanyar tsarin polymerization wanda ke farawa da ƙwayoyin oxygen suna kai hari ga kashin bayan carbon. Baya ga man linseed, sauran mai suna da kaddarorin busarwa kuma ana amfani da su a cikin aikace-aikace na musamman. Waɗannan sun haɗa da man tung, poppyseed, perilla, da man gyada . Duk suna " polymerize " idan aka fallasa su ga iskar oxygen don samar da fim mai ƙarfi, masu amfani a cikin fenti da varnishes .
Ana iya raba triglycerides zuwa methyl esters na fatty acids ta hanyar transesterification :
Ana iya amfani da sinadarin methyl esters mai kitse a matsayin mai a cikin injunan dizal, shi ya sa ake kiransu biodiesel .
Tabo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana yin fenti don fatty acids, triglycerides, lipoproteins, da sauran lipids ta hanyar amfani da lysochromes (rini masu narkewar mai). Waɗannan rini na iya ba da damar cancantar wani kitse mai sha'awa ta hanyar yin fenti a kan kayan wani takamaiman launi. Wasu misalai: Sudan IV, Oil Red O, da Sudan Black B.
Taswirar hanyar hulɗa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Diglyceride acyltransferase, wani enzyme wanda ke samar da triglycerides
- Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases, enzymes da ke da hannu a farkon matakai na biosynthesis na triglycerides
- Hypertriglyceridemia, kasancewar yawan triglycerides a cikin jini.
- Bayanin Lipid
- Lipids
- Matsakaicin sarkar triglycerides
- Phosphatidic acid suna taka rawa a cikin biosynthesis na triglycerides
- Bayanin atomatik na tsaye
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Nomenclature of Lipids". IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (CBN). Retrieved 2007-03-08.
- ↑ Lampe, M. A.; Burlingame, A. L.; Whitney, J.; Williams, M. L.; Brown, B. E.; Roitman, E.; Elias, M. (1983). "Human stratum corneum lipids: characterization and regional variations". J. Lipid Res. 24 (2): 120–130. doi:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)38005-6. PMID 6833889.
- ↑ Andreina Alfieri; et al. (Dec 2017). "Effects of Plant Oil Interesterified Triacylglycerols on Lipemia and Human Health". Int J Mol Sci. 19 (1): 104. doi:10.3390/ijms19010104. PMC 5796054. PMID 29301208.
- ↑ Charbonnet, G. H.; Singleton, W. S. (1947). "Thermal properties of fats and oils". J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 24 (5): 140. doi:10.1007/BF02643296. S2CID 101805872.
- ↑ "Mixed triglyceride | chemical compound | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-02-13.
- ↑ "Densities of Triglycerides" (PDF). BioNumbers—The Database of Useful Biological Numbers. Harvard. Retrieved 25 February 2025. table from Gouw, T. H., and J. C. Vlugter. "Physical properties of triglycerides. I. Density and refractive index." Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel 68, no. 7 (1966): 544–549.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Ullmann". - 1 2 N. Koeniger and H. J. Veith (1983): "Glyceryl-1,2-dioleate-3-palmitate, a brood pheromone of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)". Experientia, volume 39, pages 1051–1052 doi:10.1007/BF01989801 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "koen1983" defined multiple times with different content. - 1 2 "Essential Fatty Acids". Micronutrient Information Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2017. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "osu2014" defined multiple times with different content. - 1 2 "Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid". Mayo Clinic. 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "mayo2017" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Institute of Shortenings and Edible oils (2006). "Food Fats and oils" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-26. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
- ↑ Marchand, V (2010). "Trans fats: What physicians should know". Canadian Paediatric Society. 6 (15): 373–375. doi:10.1093/pch/15.6.373. PMC 2921725. PMID 21731420.
- ↑ Krisnangkura, Kanit (1991). "Estimation of heat of combustion of triglycerides and fatty acid methyl esters". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 68: 56–58. doi:10.1007/BF02660311. S2CID 84433984.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Rage Triglycerides (EMedicineHealth.com; Oktoba 2020)
Samfuri:LipidsSamfuri:Lipoprotein metabolismSamfuri:Lipid metabolism enzymesSamfuri:Clinical biochemistry blood tests
