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Kilogram

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kilogram
A series of 5, 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.2 kilogram weights, made of cast iron
General information
Unit systemSI
Unit ofmass
Symbolkg
Conversions
1 kg in ...... is equal to ...
   Avoirdupois   
   British Gravitational   ≈ 0.0685 slugs
   Unified atomic mass units   6.02214076×1026 Da

Kilogram, International System of Units (SI) me mass ke base unit hae. Iske vigyan, engineering aur len-den me dunia bhar me kaam me laawa jaae hae. Ek kilogram ke mass ek litre paani ke wajan ke baraabar hae. Ek kilogram 2.2 pounds ke baraabar hae. Ek tonne, ek hajaar kilogram ke baraabar hae.

Definition

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Kilogram ke tiin defining constants me define karaa jaawe hae:[2]

  • ek specific atomic transition frequency ΔνCs, jon define kare hae second ke duration,
  • vacuum me speed of light c, jiske jab second se jorra jaawe hae, metre ke define kare hae,
  • aur Planck constant h, jiske jab metre aur second se jorra jaawe hae, mass of the kilogram ke define kare hae.

Ii definition, pahile ke definition se aam taur pe consistent hae: kilogram abhi bhi hae, 30 parts per million (0.003%) of the mass of one litre of paani at the temperature of its maximum density (approximately 4 °C), jisme density of water ii temperature pe 1 kg/L ke ekdam nagiich jae.[3]

Pahile waala definition ke timeline

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The International Prototype of the Kilogram, whose mass was defined to be one kilogram from 1889 to 2019.

Naam aur terminology

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Kilogram khaali ek base SI unit jiske SI prefix (kilo) hae, iske naam me. Sabd kilogramme nai to kilogram French kilogramme se aais hae,[8] jon ek sikha gais sabd rahaa, jisme Greek stem χίλιοι khilioi me "ek hajaar" ke prefix ke gramma me jorraa gais rahaa, ek Late Latin sabd "ek chhotaa weight" ke khaatir, Greek γράμμα se.[9] Kilogramme sabd ke French kaanuun me 1795 me likha gais rahaa, Decree of 18 Germinal me,[10] jon provisional system of units introduced by the French National Convention two years earlier ke badlis rahaa, jahaan pe gravet ke define karaa gais rahaa as weight (poids) of ek cubic centimetre paani, jon 1/1000 of ek grave ke baraabar hae.[11] 1795 ke decree me, gramme sabd tab r gravet ke replace karis rahaa, aur kilogramme grave ke replace karis rahaa.[6]

French spelling ke Great Britain me kaam me laawa gais rahaa jab ii sabd ke pahila dafe English me 1795 me kaam me laawa gais rahaa,[12][8] aur spelling kilogram ke United States me kaam me laawa gais rahaa. United Kingdom me duuno spelling ke kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, lekin "kilogram" baad me aur jaada kaam me laawa jaawe lagaa rahaa.[13] UK law jon regulate karat rahaa ki kon unit ke kaam me laawa jaae jab trading by weight or measure koi ek spelling ke nai roke hae.[14]

19th century me French sabd kilo, jon ek shortening of kilogramme hae, ke English bhasa me import karaa gais rahaa jahaan iske matlab duuno kilogram[15] aur kilometre rahaa.[16] Jab kilo ek alternative ke ruup me acceptable rahaa, The Economist ke khaatir jaise,[17] Canadian sarkar ke Termium Plus system batae hae ki "SI (International System of Units) usage, jiske scientific aur technical writing me kaam me laawa jaawe hae" iske usage ke allow nai kare hae "a common informal name" on Russ Rowlett's Dictionary of Units of Measurement.[18][19] Jab United States Congress metric system ke legal status diis rahaa, 1866 me, tab ii kilo sabd ke kaam me laae ke anumati diis rahaa kilogram ke jagha,[20] lekin 1990 me kilosabd ke kaam me laana band kar diis rahaa.[21]

SI system ke 1960 me introduce karaa gais rahaa aur 1970 me BIPM publish kare suruu karis SI Brochure, jisme sab relevant decisions aur recommendations CGPM concerning units rahaa. Ii SI Brochure batae hae "It is not permissible to use abbreviations for unit symbols or unit names ...".[22][Note 1]


References

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  1. ↑ The avoirdupois pound is part of both United States customary system of units and the Imperial system of units. It is defined as exactly 0.45359237 kilograms.
  2. ↑ International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Dec 2022), The International System of Units (SI) (PDF), vol. 2 (9th ed.), ISBN 978-92-822-2272-0, archived from the original on 18 October 2021
  3. ↑ The density of water is 0.999972 g/cm3 at 3.984 °C. See Franks, Felix (2012). The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4684-8334-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=5f_xBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376.
  4. ↑ Guyton; Lavoisier; Monge; Berthollet (1792). Annales de chimie ou Recueil de mémoires concernant la chimie et les arts qui en dépendent. 15–16. Paris: Chez Joseph de Boffe. p. 277. https://books.google.com/books?id=FufDNJHvgFEC&q=18841+grains+grave&pg=RA1-PA278.
  5. ↑ Gramme, le poids absolu d'un volume d'eau pure égal au cube de la centième partie du mètre, et à la température de la glace fondante
  6. 1 2 Zupko, Ronald Edward (1990). Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures Since the Age of Science. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-186-6. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uYCNFkRgXCoC.
  7. ↑ "Treaty of the Metre". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  8. 1 2 "Kilogram". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 3, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  9. ↑ Fowlers, HW; Fowler, FG (1964). The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. Greek γράμμα (as it were γράφ-μα, Doric γράθμα) means "something written, a letter", but it came to be used as a unit of weight, apparently equal to Template:Sfrac of an ounce (Template:Sfrac of a libra, which would correspond to about 1.14 grams in modern units), at some time during Late Antiquity. French gramme was adopted from Latin gramma, itself quite obscure, but found in the Carmen de ponderibus et mensuris (8.25) attributed by Remmius Palaemon (fl. 1st century), where it is the weight of two oboli (Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary s.v. "gramma", 1879). Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon (revised and augmented edition, Oxford, 1940) s.v. γράμμα, citing the 10th-century work Geoponica and a 4th-century papyrus edited in L. Mitteis, Griechische Urkunden der Papyrussammlung zu Leipzig, vol. i (1906), 62 ii 27.
  10. ↑ "Décret relatif aux poids et aux mesures du 18 germinal an 3 (7 avril 1795)" [Decree of 18 Germinal, year III (April 7, 1795) regarding weights and measures]. Grandes lois de la République (in French). Digithèque de matériaux juridiques et politiques, Université de Perpignan. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
  11. ↑ Convention nationale, décret du 1er août 1793, ed. Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, publiée sur les éditions officielles du Louvre, vol. 6 (2nd ed. 1834), p. 70. The metre (mètre) on which this definition depends was itself defined as the ten-millionth part of a quarter of Earth's meridian, given in traditional units as 3 pieds, 11.44 lignes (a ligne being the 12th part of a pouce (inch), or the 144th part of a pied.
  12. ↑ Peltier, Jean-Gabriel (1795). "Paris, during the year 1795". Monthly Review 17: 556. https://books.google.com/books?id=24QCAAAAYAAJ&q=kilogramme+weights&pg=PA557. Retrieved August 2, 2018. Contemporaneous English translation of the French decree of 1795
  13. ↑ "Kilogram". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved Navambar 3, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  14. ↑ "Spelling of "gram", etc". Weights and Measures Act 1985. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. October 30, 1985. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  15. ↑ "kilo (n1)". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1989. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  16. ↑ "kilo (n2)". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1989. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  17. ↑ "Style Guide", January 7, 2002. Template:Fix/category[dead link]
  18. ↑ "kilogram, kg, kilo". Termium Plus. Government of Canada. October 8, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  19. ↑ "kilo". How Many?. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
  20. ↑ 29th Congress of the United States, Session 1 (May 13, 1866). "H.R. 596, An Act to authorize the use of the metric system of weights and measures". Archived from the original on July 5, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ "Metric System of Measurement:Interpretation of the International System of Units for the United States; Notice". Federal Register 63 (144): 40340. July 28, 1998. http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/SIFedReg.pdf. Retrieved November 10, 2011. "Obsolete Units As stated in the 1990 Federal Register notice, ...".
  22. ↑ Template:SIBrochure8th
  1. ↑ The French text (which is the authoritative text) states "Il n'est pas autorisé d'utiliser des abréviations pour les symboles et noms d'unités ..."
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