Stuxnet

Stuxnet d avirus aselkiman n wanaw n ijirmeḍ aselkiman(neɣ aḥermeččal aselkiman), i yettwafkan i yiman-is ad yernu ad yeẓẓu iman-is deg yiselkimen nniḍen. Maca, Stuxnet ur yettwabna ara kan iwakken ad yessexser ifuyla, ad yekker isefka neɣ ad yaɣ isallen. Yettwasnulfa iwakken ad ibeddel tikli n yiseɣẓanen i iseddun timacinin n usnerni n uṛanyum, alamma yessawaḍ ad d-yeglu s uxessar deg wallalen n tilawt.

Yettwaf deg 2010, maca anadi ussnan yesken-d belli kra n yileqman-is llan seg yiseggasen i d-yezwaren. Iswi-ines agejdan, akken i d-skanen yinadiyen, d asḍaɛef n usefrek n uranyum deg yigrawen yisgammasen i yettwasqedcen i usnerni n uṛanyum n Natanz, deg Iran.

Stuxnet d yiwen gar yimedyaten imezwura i yettwassnen n unṭag aselkiman i d-yettawin axessar afizikan. Aya yessebgan-d belli anṭag s yiseɣẓanen yezmer ad yuɣal seg umaḍal umḍin ɣer umaḍal n tmaccinin timguranin.

2. Ayɣer Stuxnet d amaynut deg umezruy n tesenselkimt?

Deg waṭas n yinṭagen iselkimanen, iswi d tukerḍa n isefka, tukksa n yisefka, tukerḍa n tneflit neɣ asḥebbes n yisnasen. Ma d Stuxnet, yettwabna i kra nniḍen.

Yessexdem iselkimen am wakken d abrid ara t-yawin ɣer yisefraken n tmaccinin. Mi ara yaweḍ ɣer unagraw i yebɣa, ad ibeddel kra n tinaḍin n useddu, ad yessexdem isallen nniḍen iwakken imahalen ur ttafaren ara ayen yeḍerrun s tidet.

Ihi, ur yettnadi ara kan ad yessexser aselkim, maca ad yessexdem aselkim iwakken ad yessexser tamacint.

D aya i yeǧǧan Stuxnet ad yili d amedya agejdan deg umezruy n tɣellist n yinagrawen n usbuɣer n yuṛanyum akked ṭṭrad umḍin.

3. Amezruy n Stuxnet d tegnit tasertant deg Iran

3.1. Iswi agejdan: Natanz

Timacinin n usnerni n uranyum deg ulemmas aɣisan n Natanz. D anaw-a n tmaccinin iɣef yella ussumer n unṭag n Stuxnet.Deg yiseggasen n 2000, Iran yebna akked usegmi n yiɣawasen-is i usnerni n uranyum. Uranyum yettusexdam deg ufares n tẓwert taɣisant, maca yezmer daɣen ad yettusemres deg ufares n yimrigen iɣisanen ma yewweḍ ɣer usnerni afellay ilaqen.

Tignit-a teǧǧa ad ilin ccwal d umgired asertan gar Iran, Marikan, Israyil akked kra n tmura n Urupa.

Ma d Iran, yeqqar-d belli iswi n uɣawas-is d asnas n tẓwert taɣisant. Maca Marikan d Israyil ttwalin deg-s amihi iɣef ilaq ad ttwaseqdacen wallalen n usenqes n tnezmart n Iran.

Deg tegnit-a i d-yebda usenfar uffir i d-yettwasnen deffir s yisem Olympic Games. Imagraden n 2012 i d-yeffɣen deg yiɣmisen n Marikan, s usekcem n yisallen sɣur yimḍebren iqburen d wid yellan deg udabu, qqaren-d belli asenfar-a yebda deg tallit n George W. Bush, yerna ikemmel deg tallit n Barack Obama.

3.2. Amseḍfer n tedyanin tigejdanin

2007

Ileqman imezwura

Yella yiwen n uleqqem aqbur n Stuxnet i yettwaf deffir deg tesleḍt n yifuyla n yiseggasen-nni. Anadi yesken-d amek i yettwasɣiwes unṭag ɣef yinagrawen n Natanz

2009

Asnerni n unṭag

Tban-d snat n tarrayin n uxessar: yiwet teqqen ɣer ṣṣda n tmacinin, tayeḍ ɣer urured n tuzzya-nsent

2010

Tifin n Stuxnet

Deg 17 Yunyu, VirusBlokAda, tarmiṣt n tɣellist taselkimant deg Belarus, tesken-d yiwen n useɣẓan araɣelsan ur yettwassnen ara. Syin akin, imazzagen zerwen Stuxnet s telqey

2012

Asufeɣ n yisallen isertanen

Imagraden n yiseɣmisen n Marikan qqaren-d belli Stuxnet d afares n temlilit tuffirt gar Marikan d Israyil

2013

Tasleḍt tussnant lqayen

Ralph Langner yessufeɣ-d tazrawt To Kill a Centrifuge, anda i d-yessufeɣ aglam ussnan n snat n tarrayin n uxessar.

4. Tasegda taselkimant n Stuxnet

4.1. Amgired gar uvirus d ijiṛmeḍ asenselkam

Deg umawal n tesenselkimt n Samiya n At Velɛid, ad naf:

Anfafad asenselkam: aseɣẓan araɣelsan yettwasnen s yisem n uvirus aselkiman.
Ijiṛmeḍ asenselkam: aseɣẓan araɣelsan yezmer ad yennerni, ad yebḍu iman-is, ad yeẓẓu ɣer yinagrawen nniḍen.
Aseɣẓan araɣelsan: aseɣẓan i yettuseqdacen i tigawin i d-yettawin amihi neɣ axessar.

S unamek ussnan ugar umqit, Stuxnet d ijiṛmeḍ asenselkam, acku yezmer ad yernu ad yeẓẓu iman-is gar yiselkimen war ma yeḥwaǧ amdan ad t-yesker yal tikelt.

Maca mačči d ijiṛmeḍ kan. Deg-s yella daɣen uḥric uffir i yettwasnulfuyen iwakken ad ibeddel ihilen n yisenqaden imguranen, syin ad d-yeglu s uxessar deg tmaccinin.

4.2. Kraḍ n yeswiren n unṭag

Deg uswir amezwaru, Stuxnet yessexdem iselkimen i tnezwit. Deg uswir wis sin, yettɛeṛṛiḍ ad ibeddel asenqed n tmaccinin. Deg uswir wis kraḍ, ad d-tban isemda n ubeddel-nni deg yimussu n tmaccinin.

D assaɣ-a gar tasenselkimt d tilawt i yerran Stuxnet d amedya uzzig.

5. Amek i yessaweḍ Stuxnet ad yekcem ɣer yinagrawen?

5.1. Tiɣersiwin tisenselkamin

Stuxnet yessexdem tiɣersiwin ur nelli tettwassnent yakan sɣur wid yettɛassan taɣellist n Windows. Tiɣersiwin-a ttwasnent deg taɣult n tɣellist s yisem Zero-day.

Deg unamek-nsent, d tuccḍiwin neɣ d lixṣas n tɣellist deg useɣẓan, i zemren ad ttwaseqdacen send ma d-yili uleqqem i ten-isseɣtayen.

Tasleḍt n Symantec tessebgen-d belli Stuxnet yessexdem kuẓ n tiɣersiwin n wanaw-a, akked tarrayin nniḍen n tnezwit.

5.2. Tawuri n USB

Aṭas n yinagrawen imguranen ur qqinen ara ɣer Internet, ladɣa ma llan d wid ixataren iɣef tebna tɣellist n tmurt.

Iwakken ad t-nessegzi s umedya, ad nerr lḥal belli yiwen n uselkim yella deg tesɣimt n Natanz, maca ur yesɛi ara aseɣwen ɣer Internet.

D acu kan, ma yella afaylu neɣ allal USB yettwasekcem ɣer uselkim-nni, yezmer ad d-yawi yid-s aseɣẓan araɣelsan.

Stuxnet yesɛa tazmert n tnezwit s wallalen USB, maca ar tura ur nettwassen ara s tidet akk iberdan i yessexdem deg ukecum-is amezwaru ɣer Natanz.

Aya yesken-d belli afraq n unagraw ɣef Internet ur yettak ara taɣellist tamagdazt.

5.3. Asenqed n Siemens

Stuxnet yettnadi s wudem uzzig ɣef yiselkimen iseddun iseqdacen n Siemens, ladɣa STEP 7 akked WinCC.

Tawuri n yiseɣẓanen-a d asenqed d uḍfar n kra n yinagrawen imuganen ladɣa deg uḥric aɣisan. Deg-sen, awurman ahilan yesɛa ahil i yuddsen s tegrawt n tinaḍin i d-yemmalen amek ara texdem tmaccint, melmi ara tebdu, melmi ara teḥbes, d wamek ara tbeddel arured-is.

Maca Stuxnet ur yettwabna ara iwakken ad yessexser yal tamacint. Yessenqad ma yella unagraw iɣer yekcem yesɛa tulmisin tuzzigin iɣef yettwabna unṭag. Ma yufa-tent, ad iɛreḍ ad ibeddel kra n tinaḍin n usenqed n yisgammasen.

6. Amek i yexdem Stuxnet deg tmaccinin n usnerni n uranyum?

6.1. D acu i d tamacint n usnerni n uranyum?

Deg Natanz, ttwasemrasent tmaccinin i itezzi uḥric-nsent agensan s urured ameqqran aṭas.

Tamacint n wanaw-a tesɛa aḥric agensan i itezzin, Deg usgammas, yettusekcam ugaz n UF₆ i yesɛan sin n lesnaf n uranyum: U-235 d U-238. Mi ara tezzwi tmaccint s urured ameqqran aṭas, ayen yesɛan U-238 yettɛeṛṛiḍ ad yeqreb ɣer berra, ma d wayen yesɛan U-235 yettɛeṛṛiḍ ad yeqqim qrib ɣer tlemmast. S waya, yezmer ad yili ufran gar-asen ilmend n umgired n teẓeyt-nsen.

Iswi n ufran-a d asnerni n wazal n uranyum-235 deg uranyum yettwafernen.

Imacinen-a xeddment deg yigrawen i d-yettwasuddsen, yerna ilaq ad ilin isefraken-nsent d wid umqiten, iwakken ad sneqden s tiseddi arured n tuzzya n yisgammasen, acku abeddel ameẓyan deg urured, ṣṣda neɣ tignit n umahil yezmer ad d-yeglu s uxessar.

6.2. Tarrayt tamezwarut: abeddel n ṣṣda

Tasleḍt n Ralph Langner tessebgen-d belli yiwen n uleqqem aqbur n Stuxnet yella yettnadi ad yessexdem asenqed n ṣṣda deg yigrawen n tmaccinin.

Deg tarrayt-a, Stuxnet yessebeddel kra n waddaden n yisefraken, iwakken ṣṣda ad teffeɣ seg tɣellist n wassaɣ n umussu amagnu.

Akken ad nefhem: tamacint tezmer ad tẓer belli ṣṣda tesɛa azal amagnu, maca deg tilawt azal-nni yezmer ad ibeddel s wudem ara yessnernin amihi ɣef yiferdisen-ines.

6.3. Tarrayt tis snat: abeddel n urured n tuzzya

Tarrayt-nniḍen d abeddel n urured n tmaccinin.

Tamacint tettwasɣiwes ad tezzi deg yiwen n wazal n urured, aca Stuxnet yezmer ad ibeddel ihilen n yisenqaden imguranen i iseddun isgammasen. S waya, arured n tuzzya-nsen yezmer ad yali neɣ ad yader, ad yemgired ɣef wazal-is amagnu.

Aya yezmer ad d-yeglu s uxessar deg yiferdisen isnɣanen, acku timacinin-a xeddment s umqit(tiseddi) ameqqran.

Ralph Langner yesbadu-d snat n tarrayin-a deg tezrawt-is n 2013, yerna yesken-d belli ur llint ara kifkif deg tuddsa neɣ deg uɣawas n unṭag.

7. Amek i yeffer Stuxnet tigawin-is?

Yiwen n yiferdisen i yellan d amaynut deg Stuxnet d tazmert n usuffeɣ n yisallen ur nelli d tidet.

Deg unagraw amguran amagnu, isefraken sseknayen i yimahalen isallen ɣef tikli n tmaccinin. Ma tella tuccḍa deg ṣṣda, deg urured neɣ deg temhelt n usenqed, amhal yezmer ad tt-iwali, sakkin ad yesseḥbes tamacint.

Maca deg Stuxnet, tella tarrayt n weffer n yibeddilen, anda isallen i d-yettwaɛawaden zemren ad sseknin belli anagraw ixeddem akken iwata, ɣas ma yella yessexdam kra n tnaḍin ara d-yawin axessar.

Aya yessebgan-d amek i yezmer unṭag aselkiman ad yessexdem kra n wuguren deg usenqed, mačči kan deg uneẓwi n yifuyla.

8. Inalkamen n Stuxnet deg Natanz

Inalkamen n Stuxnet ur zemmirent ara ad ttwasbeddent s yiwen n umḍan aneggaru.

Deg taggara n 2009 akked tazwara n 2010, azal n 1 000 n tmaccinin n ssenf IR-1 ttwasbeddlent neɣ ttwasnsent seg umahil deg Natanz.

Kra n yinadiyen ttwalin belli Stuxnet yezmer ad yili d yiwet n tmentilt tagejdant n uxessar-nni. Maca ur d-yettwasebgen ara s wudem aneggaru belli yal yiwet seg tmaccinin-a texser s sebba n Stuxnet.

Yella daɣen umgired gar yinadiyen.

Ralph Langner yesken-d belli aɣawas n unṭag yella d uzzig yerna yesɛa tazmert n uxessar afizikan. Ivanka Barzashka, deg tezrawt-is n 2013, tefka tamuɣli-nniḍen: ilmend n yisefka yettwassnen, azal n uxessar amatu yellan s sebba n Stuxnet ur yettwasebgen ara akken iwata.

Deg wayen i nezmer ad d-nini s tidet, Stuxnet yessaweḍ ad yessebgen amek yezmer unṭag aselkiman ad yexdem axessar afizikan, maca ur yessaweḍ ara ad yesseḥbes s lebda aɣawas n Iran n usnerni n uranyum.

9. Wi i d-yesnulfan Stuxnet?

Anadi ɣef wid i d-yesnulfan Stuxnet, Aya yeqqen ɣer tarrayt iɣef yettwasuddes unṭag n Stuxnet, seg tnezwit-is gar yiselkimen armi d ubeddel n yihilen n yisenqaden imguranen d uxessar n yisgammasen, anda yessefk ad nefru gar wayen yettwabegnen s tesleḍt taselkimant d wayen i d-yettwasnen seg yisallen isertanen.

Tisleḍin tisenselkamin zemrent ad d-sseknen amek i yexdem useɣẓan, d acu i yebɣa ad yeg, akked kra n tazmert-is. Maca ayagi ur yessebgan ara srid isem n tmurt neɣ n ugraw i t-id-yesnulfan.

Deg 2012, Washington Post akked New York Times ssuffɣen-d isallen sɣur yimḍebren n Marikan i qqaren belli Stuxnet d afares n temlilit tuffirt gar Marikan d Israyil, deg uɣawas Olympic Games.

Isallen-a ttuneḥsaben d iɣbula ixataren deg umezruy n Stuxnet, maca yessefk ad nẓer belli aṭas seg-sen kkan-d sɣur yimdanen ur d-yettwabdir ara yisem-nsen.

10. Tiɣersiwin i yessexdem Stuxnet deg unekcum-is ɣer yinagrawen

1. Tiɣersi n yinegzumen n Windows — CVE‑2010‑2568

Tiɣersi tamezwarut i yessexdem Stuxnet d tiɣersi n yinegzumen n Windows. Deg-s, Stuxnet yettserkab ifuyla n yinegzumen araɣelsanen deg yiwen n USB. Mi ara yeqqen useqdac USB ɣer uselkim, syin ad yeldi USB-nni deg Windows Explorer iwakken ad iwali ifuyla d yinegzumen i yellan deg-s, yezmer Stuxnet ad yesselkem iman-is s useqdec n tɣersi n yinegzumen n Windows.

Tarrayt-a tefka i Stuxnet abrid afessas akken ad yekcem ɣer uselkim amezwaru, ladɣa deg yinagrawen ur neqqin ara ɣer Internet, maca i seqdacen USB i usiweḍ n yifuyla gar wallalen. S useqdec n tɣersi-a, Stuxnet yessaweḍ ad yekcem ɣer yiselkimen s USB, ula d wid ur neqqin ara ɣer Internet. Mi ara yekcem ɣer yiwen uselkim, yezmer ad yebdu tanezwit-is ɣer yiselkimen-nniḍen. Tiɣersi-a tesɛa azal ameqqran deg unṭag-is, acku tesɛa tawuri tagejdant deg unekcum amezwaru ɣer unagraw..

2. Tiɣersi n Print Spooler — CVE‑2010‑2729

Tiɣersi tis snat d tiɣersi n Print Spooler, d ameẓlu n Windows i yettɛawanen i usiggez d usenqed n tsagazt. Stuxnet yessexdem ugur-a iwakken ad yernu seg yiwen uselkim ɣer wayeḍ deg uzeṭṭa, ma yella llan yinagrawen yebnan ɣef tsagazt neɣ ɣef umeẓlu n usiggez.

Mi ara yaweḍ Stuxnet ɣer yiwen uselkim, yettnadi deg uzeṭṭa ɣef yiselkimen nniḍen i yellan d wid yettwaqnen ɣer umeẓlu-a. S useqdec n tɣersi n Print Spooler, yezmer ad yazer ifuyla-s araɣelsanen ɣer yiselyimen-nniḍen, syin akin ad yesselkem iman-is deg-sen. S waya, tanezwit ur teqqim ara kan deg yiwen uselkim, maca tettuɣal ɣer tnezwit tagensant deg uzeṭṭa agejdan n taṛmist neɣ n tedbelt.

Tiɣersi-a tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tnezwit n Stuxnet, acku teǧǧa-t ad yettanezwi seg uselkim iɣer yekcem ɣer yiselkimen-nniḍen deg uzeṭṭa, s useqdec n umeẓlu n Print Spooler.

3. Tiɣersi n Win32k d keyboard layout — CVE‑2010‑2743

Tiɣersi tis kraḍt teqqen ɣer uḥric n Win32k deg Windows, ladɣa deg wamek i yessalay unagraw ifuyla n keyboard layout. Stuxnet ur yessexdam ara tiɣersi-a i tnezwit srid gar yiselkimen, maca yessexdam-itt iwakken ad yali s tizmert deg uselkim iɣer yekcem.

Mi ara yekcem Stuxnet ɣer uselkim s USB neɣ s uzeṭṭa, yezmer ad yili s yizerfan ur mmeqqren ara. Maca iwakken ad yessebbed iman-is akken iwata, ad yesserked iferdisen-is, ad yeffer iman-is, u iwakken ad yeddu deg unagraw war uguren, yeḥwaǧ ad yawi ɣer uswir n tizmert ugar. Tiɣersi-agi i as-yettaken abrid-a.

S useqdec n tɣersi n Win32k, Stuxnet yezmer ad yessali izerfan-is seg uswir n useqdac amagnu ɣer uswir i yesɛan tizmert meqqren. S waya ad yezmer ad ixdem deg uḥricen ixataren n unagraw, ad yersen iferdisen-is, ad ibeddel kra n yiferdisen n Windows, S waya, Stuxnet yezmer ad yesselkem kra n yimahilen-is s yizerfan imeqqranen, ad yessebbed iferdisen-is deg unagraw, yerna ad ikemmel tigawin-is war uguren i d-ttawin yizerfan n useqdac amagnu.

4. Tiɣersi n Task Scheduler — CVE‑2010‑3338

Tiɣersi tis ukkuẓt d tiɣersi n Task Scheduler, d ameẓlu n Windows i yettwasqedcen i uselkem awurman n yimuhal deg wakud neɣ ilmend n kra n tegnatin. Stuxnet yessexdem tiɣersi-a iwakken ad yawi daɣen tizmert tameqqrant, yerna ad yeǧǧ iman-is ad yekkemmel aselekm-is s yizerfan n SYSTEM.

Tiɣersi-a teǧǧa-d Stuxnet ad yesselkem kra n yimuhal-is s yizerfan ufrinen, war ma tella tɣellist n Windows tezmer ad t-yestebɛed. Aya yemmal-d belli Stuxnet yezmer ad yawi izerfan imeqqranen deg Windows, ad yessebbed iferdisen-is deg unagraw, yerna ad yesselkem ihilen-is war ma t-ḥebsen tilisa n yizerfan n useqdac amagnu.

Ilaq daɣen ad d-nini belli tiɣersi-a, am tɣersi n Win32k, mačči d allal amezwaru n unezwi gar yiselkimen, maca d allal i Stuxnet iwakken ad yesseǧhed amkan-is deg uselkim, ad yawi s uswir n tizmert i as-yeḥwaǧen iwakken ad yexdem ayen yebɣa.