Solid South

Oameni-cheie
Sudul Solid
Solid South
La alegerile prezidențiale din 1924, rezultate cu o victorie covârșitoare a Republicanilor, toate cele 11 foste state confederate și Oklahoma au votat cu Partidul Democrat.
Date
Înființat	1876; acum 150 ani (1876)
Desființat	1964; acum 62 ani (1964)
Precedat de	Redeemers
Succedat de	Republicanii sudiști Democrații conservatori
Informații
Ideologie oficială	Reacționism Conservatorism Segregare Supremația albă Interesele sudiștilor Drepturile statelor Neoconfederatism
Afiliere națională	Partidul Democrat
Modifică date / text

Solid South (română Sudul Solid) a fost blocul electoral pentru vot al Partidului Democrat în sudul Statelor Unite între finalul perioadei reconstrucției în 1877 și legea drepturilor civile din 1964.^[1]^[2] În lumina compromisului din 1877 și eșecul Lodge Bill din 1890, Democrații Sudiști au privat de drepturi aproape toți afro-americanii din fostele state ale Statelor Confederate ale Americii la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea și începutul secolului al XX-lea^[3]

În timpul acestei perioade, Partidul Democrat a controlat parlamentele din statele sudice și majoritatea funcțiilor locale, de stat și federale din sud. Acest lucru a rezultat într-un sistem monopartid, în care victoria unui candidat în alegerile primare din Partidul Democrat era echivalentă cu alegerea în funcție. Alegerile primare ale albilor au fost un alt mijloc folosit de democrați pentru a-și consolida puterea politică, excluzându-i pe afro-americani de la vot.^[4]

„Sudul Solid” a inclus toate cele 11 foste state confederate: Alabama, Arkansas, Carolina de Nord, Carolina de Sud, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas și Virginia. De asemenea, a inclus, într-o măsură mai mică Kentucky și Oklahoma,^[a] care au rămas, din punct de vedere electora, competitive în timpul epocii Jim Crow.^[5] Statele de graniță Delaware, Maryland și Virginia de Vest au fost rareori identificate cu Sudul Solid după alegerile prezidențiale din 1896, în timp ce Missouri a devenit un stat de referință după alegerile prezidențiale din 1904.^[6] Sudul Solid a început să se destrame abia după Al Doilea Război Mondial și a sfârșit în anii 1960 ca urmare a mișcării pentru drepturi civile.^[7]

„Sudul Solid” se poate referi și la „Strategia Sudică” folosită de Republicani încă din anii 1960 pentru a-și spori puterea electorală în Sud. Republicanii au fost partidul dominant în majoritatea funcțiilor politice din Sud din 2010.^[8] Principala excepție de la această tendință a fost statul Virginia.^[9]

Referințe

↑ Bullock, Charles S.; Hoffman, Donna R.; Gaddie, Ronald Keith (2006). „Regional Variations in the Realignment of American Politics, 1944–2004”. Social Science Quarterly. 87 (3): 494–518. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00393.x. ISSN 0038-4941. The events of 1964 laid open the divisions between the South and national Democrats and elicited distinctly different voter behavior in the two regions. The agitation for civil rights by southern blacks continued white violence toward the civil rights movement, and President Lyndon Johnson's aggressive leadership all facilitated passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. ... In the South, 1964 should be associated with GOP growth while in the Northeast this election contributed to the eradication of Republicans.
↑ Stanley, Harold W. (1988). „Southern Partisan Changes: Dealignment, Realignment or Both?”. The Journal of Politics. 50 (1): 64–88. doi:10.2307/2131041. ISSN 0022-3816. JSTOR 2131041. Events surrounding the presidential election of 1964 marked a watershed in terms of the parties and the South (Pomper, 1972). The Solid South was built around the identification of the Democratic party with the cause of white supremacy. Events before 1964 gave white southerners pause about the linkage between the Democratic Party and white supremacy, but the 1964 election, passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 altered in the minds of most the positions of the national parties on racial issues.
↑ Valelly, Richard M. (2 octombrie 2009), The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement (în engleză), University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-84527-2, accesat în 5 noiembrie 2025
↑ Granthan, Dewey W.; The Life and Death of the Solid South: A Political History, ISBN: 0813148723
↑ „US Census Region Map” (PDF).
↑ Herbert, Herbert, Hilary A., Why The Solid South?, or, Reconstruction and Its Results, R.H. Woodward and Company, Baltimore, 1890, pgs. 258–284
↑ Mickey, Robert. „Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944–1972”.
↑ „The long goodbye”. The Economist. 11 noiembrie 2010. Accesat în 20 februarie 2023. In 1981 Republicans took control of the Senate for the first time since 1953, but most Southern elected officials remained white Democrats. When Republicans took control of the House in 1995, white Democrats still comprised one-third of the South's tally. ... white Southern Democrats have met their Appomattox: they will account for just 24 of the South's 155 senators and congressmen in the 112th United States Congress. ... This does not indicate a disappearance of liberals. White Southern Democrats were largely conservative before, and the Democratic domination of Congress in the second half of the 20th century rested on an uneasy coalition between men such as James Eastland, a senator from Mississippi who insisted three years after Brown v. Board of Education banned segregation that "the vast majority of Negroes want their own schools, their own hospitals, their own churches, their own restaurants", and northern urban liberals such as Ted Kennedy. Strom Thurmond, Richard Shelby and Phil Gramm—Southern Republican stalwarts all—were first elected as Democrats, and of the 37 Democrats who voted against the health-care bill in March, 16 were Southern whites.
↑ „The New Dominion: Virginia's Ever-Changing Electoral Map” (în engleză). www.rasmussenreports.com. Accesat în 5 noiembrie 2025.

Note

↑ Oklahoma a devenit stat în 1907.

Lectură suplimentară

Zucchino, David (2020) Wilmington's Lie: The Murderous Coup of 1898 and the Rise of White Supremacy New York, NY: Atlantic Monthly Press.
Feldman, Glenn (2015). The Great Melding: War, the Dixiecrat Rebellion, and the Southern Model for America's New Conservatism. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
Feldman, Glenn (2013). The Irony of the Solid South: Democrats, Republicans, and Race, 1864–1944. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
Lemann, Nicholas (2007). Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Perman, Michael (2003). Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908 Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press
Frederickson, Kari A. (2001). The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932–1968. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Grantham, Dewey W. (1992). The Life and Death of the Solid South. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.
Sabato, Larry (1977). The Democratic Party Primary in Virginia: Tantamount to Election No Longer. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.
Herbert, Hilary A., et al. (1890). Why the Solid South? Or, Reconstruction and Its Results. Baltimore, MD: R. H. Woodward & Co.

[Regional_Variations_in_the_Realignment_of_American_Politics,_1944–2004-1] Bullock, Charles S.; Hoffman, Donna R.; Gaddie, Ronald Keith (2006). „Regional Variations in the Realignment of American Politics, 1944–2004”. Social Science Quarterly. 87 (3): 494–518. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00393.x. ISSN 0038-4941. The events of 1964 laid open the divisions between the South and national Democrats and elicited distinctly different voter behavior in the two regions. The agitation for civil rights by southern blacks continued white violence toward the civil rights movement, and President Lyndon Johnson's aggressive leadership all facilitated passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. ... In the South, 1964 should be associated with GOP growth while in the Northeast this election contributed to the eradication of Republicans.

[Stanley_1988_64–88-2] Stanley, Harold W. (1988). „Southern Partisan Changes: Dealignment, Realignment or Both?”. The Journal of Politics. 50 (1): 64–88. doi:10.2307/2131041. ISSN 0022-3816. JSTOR 2131041. Events surrounding the presidential election of 1964 marked a watershed in terms of the parties and the South (Pomper, 1972). The Solid South was built around the identification of the Democratic party with the cause of white supremacy. Events before 1964 gave white southerners pause about the linkage between the Democratic Party and white supremacy, but the 1964 election, passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 altered in the minds of most the positions of the national parties on racial issues.

[3] Valelly, Richard M. (2 octombrie 2009), The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement (în engleză), University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-84527-2, accesat în 5 noiembrie 2025

[Grantham_1992-4] Granthan, Dewey W.; The Life and Death of the Solid South: A Political History, ISBN: 0813148723

[6] „US Census Region Map” (PDF).

[7] Herbert, Herbert, Hilary A., Why The Solid South?, or, Reconstruction and Its Results, R.H. Woodward and Company, Baltimore, 1890, pgs. 258–284

[8] Mickey, Robert. „Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944–1972”.

[The_long_goodbye-9] „The long goodbye”. The Economist. 11 noiembrie 2010. Accesat în 20 februarie 2023. In 1981 Republicans took control of the Senate for the first time since 1953, but most Southern elected officials remained white Democrats. When Republicans took control of the House in 1995, white Democrats still comprised one-third of the South's tally. ... white Southern Democrats have met their Appomattox: they will account for just 24 of the South's 155 senators and congressmen in the 112th United States Congress. ... This does not indicate a disappearance of liberals. White Southern Democrats were largely conservative before, and the Democratic domination of Congress in the second half of the 20th century rested on an uneasy coalition between men such as James Eastland, a senator from Mississippi who insisted three years after Brown v. Board of Education banned segregation that "the vast majority of Negroes want their own schools, their own hospitals, their own churches, their own restaurants", and northern urban liberals such as Ted Kennedy. Strom Thurmond, Richard Shelby and Phil Gramm—Southern Republican stalwarts all—were first elected as Democrats, and of the 37 Democrats who voted against the health-care bill in March, 16 were Southern whites.

[10] „The New Dominion: Virginia's Ever-Changing Electoral Map” (în engleză). www.rasmussenreports.com. Accesat în 5 noiembrie 2025.

[5] Oklahoma a devenit stat în 1907.

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