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Help:IPA/Alemannic German

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Swabian, Low Alemannic, High Alemannic and Highest Alemannic German pronunciations. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Simple Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-gsw}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Consonants
IPA Examples Closest equivalent
b̥ Huube [ˈhuːb̥ə] 'bonnet' (ZH)[1] bare
ç Kicha [ˈkʰɪçɐ] 'kitchen' (Upper Swabian) hew[2]
d̥ Lade [ˈlɒd̥ə] 'store' (ZH)[1] dart
f offe [ˈofə] 'open' (VS) foot
fː offe [ˈofːə] 'open' (BE) staff function
ɡ̊ haage [ˈhɒːɡ̊ə] 'fence in' (ZH)[1] go
ɣ̊ mache [ˈmɒɣ̊ə] 'to make' (ZH)[1][3] Scottish loch
ʁ̥ mache [ˈmɒʁ̥ə] 'to make' (ZH)[1][3]
h Hand [hɒnd̥] 'hand' (ZH) hat
j Jaar [jɒːr] 'year' (ZH) you
k Egge [ˈekə] 'edge' (BS) scan
kː Egge [ˈɛkːə] 'edge' (BE) scan
kʰ Kind [kʰind̥] 'child' (BS)[4] cone
kx hocke [ˈhokxə] 'sit' (ZH)[3] Broad cockney cake
qχ hocke [ˈhoqχə] 'sit' (ZH)[3]
l maale [ˈmɒːlə] 'to paint' (ZH) lover
lː Müller [ˈmylːər] 'miller' (ZH) real life
ɫ Wält [ˈʋæɫt] 'world' (Saanenland) build
ɫː alli [ˈaɫːi] 'all' (Saanenland) real life
m zaame [ˈtsɒːmə] 'tame' (ZH) mood
mː Hammer [ˈhamːər] 'hammer' (BE) film-maker
n zaane [ˈtsɒːnə] 'to teethe' (ZH) noon
nː Sunne [ˈz̥ʊnːə] 'sun' (BE) cleanness
ŋ Zange [ˈtsɒŋə] 'pliers' (ZH) ring
ŋː Zange [ˈtsaŋːə] 'pliers' (BE) ring, but longer
p huupe [ˈhuːpə] 'to hoot' (BS) span
pː öppe [ˈœpːə] 'around' (BE) span
pʰ Pack [pʰɒkx] 'parcel' (ZH)[4] pole
pf Soipfe [ˈz̥oi̯pfə] 'soap' (ZH) cupfull
r faare [ˈv̥ɒːrə] 'to drive' (ZH)[5] American water
rː cheerren [ˈxeːrːən] 'to sweep' (Haslital)[5] Italian burro
ʀ faare [ˈv̥ɒːʀə] 'to drive' (ZH)[5] French frere or Northumbrian burr
ʁ faare [ˈv̥ɒːʁə] 'to drive' (ZH)[5]
ʁ̥ besser [ˈb̥esʁ̥] 'better' (BS)[5] Scottish loch
ʕ ändard [ˈend̥aʕd̥] 'changes' (SWG)[6] RP ahead, but with pharynx constricted
s hasse [ˈhɑsə] 'to hate' (VS) soon
sː hasse [ˈhasːə] 'to hate' (BE) class size
ʃ tüüsche [ˈtyːʃə] 'to exchange' (VS) ship
ʃː Äsche [ˈæʃːə] 'ash' (BE) cash shortage
t Latte [ˈlɑtə] 'lath' (BS) stand
tː Latte [ˈlatːə] 'lath' (BE) stand
tʰ Thee [tʰeː] 'tea' (ZH)[4] too
ts butze [ˈb̥utsə] 'to clean' (ZH) cats
tʃ tätsche [ˈtætʃə] 'to clap' (ZH) chip
v̥ Ofe [ˈov̥ə] 'oven' (ZH)[1] foot
ʋ Wand [ʋɒnd̥] 'wall' (ZH) between wine and vine
ʋː niww [niʋː] 'new' (Haslital) between wine and vine
w Giel [ɡ̊iə̯w] 'boy' (BE)[7] wine
wː Balle [ˈb̥awːə] 'ball' (BE)[8] roughly like bowwow
x Chatz [ˈxɑts] 'cat' (Simmental)[3] Scottish loch
xː lache [ˈlaxːə] 'to laugh' (Simmental)[3] Scottish loch, but longer
χ Chatz [ˈχɑts] 'cat' (BE)[3] Scottish loch
χː lache [ˈlaχːə] 'to laugh' (BE)[3] Scottish loch, but longer
z̥ Hase [ˈhɒz̥ə] 'hares' (ZH)[1] soon
ʒ̊ nuusche [ˈnuːʒ̊ə] 'to rummage' (ZH)[1] ship
Vowels
IPA Examples Closest equivalent
a Affe [ˈafːə] 'apes' (SG)[9] art
aː schlaaffe [ˈʒ̊laːfə] 'to sleep' (SG)[9] father
ɑ Affe [ˈɑfːə] 'apes' (BE)[9] art
ɑː schlaaffe [ˈʒ̊lɑːfə] 'to sleep' (BE)[9] father
ɒ Mane [ˈmɒnə] 'men' (ZH)[9] RP hot
ɒː maane [ˈmɒːnə] 'to remind' (ZH)[9] RP nod
æ gäll [ɡ̊æl] 'isn't it?' (ZH) hat
æː gääl [ɡ̊æːl] 'yellow' (ZH) had
e Bett [ˈb̥et] 'bed' (ZH) Scottish late
eː deene [ˈd̥eːnə] 'stretch' (ZH) Scottish day
ɛ Hèr [hɛr] 'mister' (ZH) bet
ɛː hèèr [hɛːr] 'from' (ZH) bed
ə schwèche [ˈʒ̊ʋɛxə] 'to weaken' (ZH)[10] about
i sibe [ˈz̥ib̥ə] 'seven' (ZH) leaf
iː siibe [ˈz̥iːb̥ə] 'to sieve' (ZH) leave
ɪ Rìtter [ˈrɪtər] 'knight' (BE) kit
ɪː Rììs [rɪːz̥] 'giant' (BE) kid
ɔ Òfe [ˈɔv̥ə] 'oven' (BE) off
ɔː Gòòfe [ˈɡ̊ɔːv̥ə] 'kids' (BE) dog
o hole [ˈholə] 'to fetch' (ZH) Scottish oak
oː hool [hoːl] 'hollow' (ZH) Scottish stove
ø Böge [ˈb̥øɡ̊ə] 'sheets of paper' (ZH) Somewhat like nurse
œ Blö̀ff [b̥lœf] 'bluff' (ZH)
øː Böögge [ˈb̥øːkə] 'fools' (ZH) Somewhat like fur
œː tö̀ö̀rfe [ˈtœːrfə] 'to be allowed to' (ZH)
u Bruch [b̥rux] 'break' (ZH) boot
uː Bruuch [b̥ruːɣ̊] 'custom' (ZH) food
ʉː Muus [mʉːs] 'mouse' (BS)[11] Modern RP goose
ʊ Schùtt [ʒ̊ʊt] 'debris' (BE) foot
ʊː Brùùch [b̥rʊːɣ̊] 'break' (BE) good
y Füli [ˈv̥yli] 'pen' (ZH) Somewhat like cute
ʏ hǜtt [hʏt] 'today' (BE)
yː Füüli [ˈv̥yːli] 'laziness' (ZH) Somewhat like feud
ʏː Tǜǜre [ˈtʏːrə] 'door' (BE)
Diphthong offsets
IPA Examples English approximation
a̯ nia [nia̯] 'never' (SWG) roughly like ear
æ̯ niä [niæ̯] 'never' (UR)
ə̯ nie [niə̯] 'never' (ZH)
i̯ frei [v̥rei̯] 'free' (ZH) The y-like ending in day
o̯ Chüo [xyo̯] 'cow' (VS) The w-like ending in go
u̯ äu [æu̯] 'also' (ZH)
y̑ vlöüge [ˈv̥lœy̑ɡ̊ə] 'to fly' (Saanenland) Roughly like the w-like ending in go
Suprasegmentals
IPA Examples Explanation
ˈ deene [ˈd̥eːnə] 'stretch' (ZH) Primary stress, as in deer /ˈdɪər/
ˌ Hèrdöpfel [ˈhɛrˌd̥øpfəl] 'potato' (ZH) Secondary stress, as in commandeer /ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/

Notes

[change | change source]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Some scholars choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents with the symbols ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩, rather than ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩. In that case, the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨pː, tː, kː, xː, sː, ʃː⟩ or ⟨pp, tt, kk, xx, ss, ʃʃ⟩, rather than ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Here, we choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents as ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩, whereas the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Long fortis obstruents or geminates occur in most of Switzerland except for the extreme Northeast, Wallis, and the Grisons–St. Gall Rhine valley.
  2. ↑ If pronounced different from yew, cf. yew–hew merger.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The dorsal obstruents /kx, x, ɣ̊/ are realized as velar [kx, x, ɣ̊] or uvular [qχ, χ, ʁ̥], depending on the dialect.
  4. 1 2 3 The aspirated consonants [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] occur in borrowings from Standard German (Fleischer & Schmid (2006:244)). In the dialects of Basel and Chur, an aspirated [kʰ] is also present in native words.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 The /r/ phoneme can be pronounced as an alveolar trill [r] or an alveolar tap [ɾ] (with both being transcribed with ⟨r⟩ in this guide for the sake of simplicity),, a uvular trill [ʀ], a voiced uvular fricative or approximant [ʁ], a voiceless lenis uvular fricative [ʁ̥]. Some dialects (e.g. Zurich German) use all six realizations (Fleischer & Schmid (2006:244)).
  6. ↑ In Swabian German, /r/ is realized as a uvular approximant [ʁ̞] in syllable onset, but as a pharyngeal approximant [ʕ̞] in other positions (Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache.). For simplicity, we transcribe these sounds as, respectively, [ʁ] and [ʕ].
  7. ↑ In Bernese German, /l/ in the syllable coda is realized as [w].
  8. ↑ In Bernese German, the geminate /lː/ is realized as [wː].
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The open vowels /a, aː/ can be front or central (with both sets transcribed as [a, aː] for simplicity), back unrounded [ɑ, ɑː] or back rounded [ɒ, ɒː], depending on the dialect.
  10. ↑ The schwa /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.
  11. ↑ In Basel German and in the dialect of Markgräflerland, /uː/ is fronted to [ʉː].

Bibliography

[change | change source]
  • Dauwalder, Hans (1992), Wie mma s seid und cha schriiben. Eine haslideutsche Kurzgrammatik, Meiringen: Gemeinnütziger Verein
  • Dieth, Eugen; Schmid-Cadalbert, Christian (1986), Schwyzertütschi Dialäktschrift. Dieth-Schreibung (2nd ed.), Aarau: Sauerländer
  • Fleischer, Jürg; Schmid, Stephan (2006), "Zurich German" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 243–253, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002441
  • Hotzenköcherle, Rudolf, ed. (1962–1997), Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz, Bern: Francke
  • Werlen, Iwar (1977), Lautstrukturen des Dialekts von Brig im schweizerischen Kanton Wallis, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner
  • Marti, Werner (1985), Berndeutsch-Grammatik, Bern: Francke, ISBN 3-7720-1587-5
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