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Mir Muhammad Rebellion

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Soran-Ottoman War (1832–1834)

Hosta Rajab Cannon
Date1832–1834
Location
Anatolia, Mesopotamia
Result See Aftermath section
Belligerents
Soran Emirate  Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders

The Ottoman-Soran war (1832–1834) or the Kurdo-Ottoman war[1] was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire under Mahmud II and the Soran Emirate led by Mir Muhammed of Rawanduz.[1]

The Conquests

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Muhammed Pasha Of Rawandiz took over many Kurdish emirates around him and advanced into the Diyarbakır region. He defeated the Ottoman forces several times.[2]

Following these events, the Ottomans began a second campaign in 1834 to reintegrate Kurdistan into the Ottoman Empire.[3] Mir Muhammad already controlled the entire territory of current Turkish Kurdistan[4][5], the Ottoman troops were defeated in the summer of 1834.[6][7][8] Following this defeat, the Ottoman army was forced to withdraw[9][10]

By 1835, Mir Muhammad had expanded his rule into parts of the territories of the Bahdinan and Baban emirates, as well as the Cizre and Botan regions and the town of Siirt.[11][12]

Aftermath

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In late 1836, Mir Muhammad was unable to resist the Ottoman armies any longer and surrendered to Rashid Pasha.[13][14] British diplomat Richard Wood was involved in the negotiations, though Eppel writes that Wood may have exaggerated his role in persuading Mir Muhammad to surrender.[15]

References

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  1. 1 2 Chaliand, Gérard (1993). A people without a country : the Kurds and Kurdistan. Internet Archive. New York : Olive Branch Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-940793-92-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  2. ↑ Gencer, Fatih (2024-08-29). "TANZİMAT FERMANI ÖNCESİ DOĞU VİLAYETLERİNE YÖNELİK OSMANLI MERKEZİLEŞME POLİTİKASI". Journal of History School (in Turkish). 11 (XXXVI): 130–148. doi:10.14225/Joh1407. ISSN 1308-5298.
  3. ↑ Oriente moderno (in Italian). Istituto per l'oriente. 2006. p. 463.
  4. ↑ Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai: Politica. Vol. 48. Universitatea "Babeș-Bolyai". 2003. p. 18.
  5. ↑ BOOK TITLE. p. PT18.
  6. ↑ Eppel, Michael (2018). "The Kurdish Emirates". Routledge Handbook on the Kurds. Routledge. pp. 42–45.
  7. ↑ Chaliand, Gérard (1993). A people without a country : the Kurds and Kurdistan. Internet Archive. New York : Olive Branch Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-940793-92-7. The Kurdo-Ottoman War raged on throughout the summer of 1834.Von Moltke, at the time a young captain in the Ottoman Army, described the situation: "The battles were very bloody: the Kurds put up a heroic resistance. The Ottoman soldiers had to fight for thirty or forty days to take possession of every insignificant hillock"o Throughout the war the regular Kurdish forces were supplemented by guerrilla units. Eventually the exhausted and demoralized Ottoman troops withdrew.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  8. ↑ Eppel, Michael (2016). Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland. University of Texas Press. p. 54.
  9. ↑ Saleh (2014). Turkey and Iraqi Kurdistan (1991–2014): From Clientelism to Interdependence: Evolution of Fluctuating Relations in Light of Identity, Security, Economy and External Interventions (Thesis). Durham University.
  10. ↑ Eppel, Michael (2008). "The Demise of the Kurdish Emirates: The Impact of Ottoman Reforms and International Relations on Kurdistan during the First Half of the Nineteenth Century". Middle Eastern Studies. 44 (2): 237–258. doi:10.1080/00263200701874883.
  11. ↑ Sinan Hakan, Kurdish Rebels and the Ottomans in Archival Documents (1817–1867) (in Turkish), Doz Publishing, 2011, ISBN 9789756876916, p. 83. Also available at Book link and Academia.
  12. ↑ Ottoman Archives (BOA/Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives), FUND CODE: HAT D.NO: 449 G.No:22346/B, 27 L 1250 (25 February 1835). See Document 02.
  13. ↑ Hakan, p.71
  14. ↑ Ottoman Archives (BOA/Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives), FUND CODE: HAT D.NO: 448 G.No:22322.
  15. ↑ Bengio, Ofra (2014-11-15). Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland. University of Texas Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-292-75813-1.
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