Metapterodon

Metapterodon; Vremenski raspon: 33.9–11.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Pal. Eocene Oligo. Miocene P P rani oligocen do srednji miocen
	ilustracija djela donje vilice vrste; Metapterodon brachycephalus
Naučna klasifikacija
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	†Hyaenodonta
Natporodica:	†Hyainailouroidea
Porodica:	†Hyainailouridae
Potporodica:	†Hyainailourinae
Pleme:	†Metapterodontini; Morales & Pickford, 2017
Rod:	†Metapterodon; Stromer, 1926
Tipska vrsta
	†Metapterodon kaiseri; Stromer, 1926
Vrste
	†Metapterodon anari; †Metapterodon brachycephalus; †Metapterodon kaiseri; †Metapterodon stromeri;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi roda: Afropterodon (Lavrov, 1999) ; sinonimi vrste: M. brachycephalus: Afropterodon brachycephalus (Lavrov, 1999) ; Isohyaenodon brachycephalus (Savage, 1965) ; Hyaenodon brachycephalus (Osborn, 1909) ; Hyaenodon brachygnathus (Osborn, 1909) ; Protohyaenodon brachychephalus (Lavrov, 1999) ; Protohyaenodon brachycephalus (Lavrov, 1999) ; Pterodon brachycephalus (Van Valen, 1967) ; ;

Metapterodon (Metapterodon — „pored Pterodona”) je izumrli rod placentalnih sisara, iz izumrlog plemena Metapterodontini unutar izumrle parafiletske potporodice Hyainailourinae i izumrle parafiletske porodice Hyainailouridae, koji je u periodu od ranog oligocena do srednjeg miocena nastanjivao područje Azije i Afrike.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Etimologija naziva

Pleme:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Metapterodontini	tipskog roda Metapterodon i taksonomskog nastavka -ini	pored Pterodona

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Metapterodon	starogrčke riječi meta (stgrč. μετά), koja znači između ili pored i izumrlog roda sisara Pterodon	pored Pterodona

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
M. anari	roda Metapterodon i imena pakistanskog vodiča, gospodina Anara Kana	anarov Metapterodon
M. brachycephalus	roda Metapterodon starogrčke riječi brahis (stgrč. βραχύς), koja znači kratko i starogrčke riječi kefale (stgrč. κεφαλή), koja znači glava	kratkoglavi Metapterodon
M. kaiseri	roda Metapterodon i njemačke riječi kajzer (nem. Kaiser), koja znači car	carski Metapterodon
M. stromeri	roda Metapterodon i prezimena njemačkog paleontologa Ernsta Stromera	stromerov Metapterodon

Opis

Vrsta Metapterodon kaiseri je dostizala veličinu polarne lisice.

Sistematika

Klasifikacija

Pleme: †Metapterodontini (Morales & Pickford, 2017)
Rod: †*Metapterodon* (Stromer, 1926)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†M. anari (Mahmood, 2026)^[8]	Pakistan (Pandžab)	13,7 do 11,5 mil. god.
†M. brachycephalus (Osborn, 1909)^[9]	Egipat (guvernorat Fajum)^[10]	33,9 do 28,4 mil. god.
†M. kaiseri (Stromer, 1926)^[11]	Kenija (ostrvo Rusinga i okrug Migori)^[12] Namibija (regija Karas)^[13]	20,0 do 15,0 mil. god.
†M. stromeri (Morales, 1998)^[14]	Namibija (regija Karas)^[13] Uganda (Sjeverni Region)	20,43 do 15,97 mil. god.

Filogenija

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Metapterodon.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]

Pan-Carnivora

	Carnivoramorpha

	†Oxyaenodonta

†Hyaenodonta

†Altacreodus

?

†Simidectidae

†Hyaenodonta

	†Eoproviverra

	†Tinerhodon

†Limnocyonoidea

†Hyaenodontoidea

	†Gazinocyon

	†Pyrocyon

†Wyolestidae

†Galecyon

	†afro-arabijska grupa [†Hyainailouroidea (sensu lato)]
••••••>

sensu stricto

sensu lato

†Eoproviverra/Tinerhodon grupa

†Galecyon grupa

afro‑arabijska grupa

	†Parvavorodon

	†Lahimia

?	†Boualitomidae sp. (Quarry L-41, Fayum, Egypt)

?

†Boualitomidae sp. (Locality BQ-2, Fayum, Egypt)

†Boualitomidae

†Boualitomus

†Indohyaenodontidae

	†Teratodontidae

	†Glibzegdouia

†Furodon

	†Kyawdawia

	†Paratritemnodon

?

†Hyainailouroidea sp. (KNM-WS 65730)

†Tritemnodon

†Hyainailouroidea (sensu stricto)

†Koholiinae

†Apterodontinae

†**Hyainailourinae**
	†Maocyon	†Maocyon/Orienspterodon grupa

	†Orienspterodon

	†Pterodontina	†Pterodon grupa

	†Kerberos

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. B (DPC 2541)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

	†Hemipsalodon

	†Ischnognathus

†Akhnatenavus grupa

†Akhnatenavus

	†Parapterodon

?	†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

	†Sekhmetops

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

†Paroxyaenini

†Pakakali

†Thereutherium

†Hyainailourini

	†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

	†Sivapterodon

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

†Hyainailouros nyanzae

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

†Simbakubwa

†Megistotherium

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. (PUPC 20/51 & PUPC 18/224)

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. (KNM-WS 12584)

	†Hyainailouros sulzeri

	†Bastetodon

	†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

†Metapterodontini

†Metapterodon

	†Metapterodon kaiseri

	†Metapterodon stromeri

†Metapterodon brachycephalus

†Metapterodon anari

†Exiguodon

†**Isohyaenodon** (†**Isohyaenodontina**)
	†Isohyaenodon zadoki

	†Ekweeconfractus

	†Mlanyama

	†Leakitheriini

†Prionogalidae

†Lahimia grupa

†Kyawdawia grupa

†Tritemnodon grupa

†Hyainailouridae

[†Hyainailouroidea (sensu lato)]
••••••>

Vremenska rasprostranjenost roda Metapterodon unutar parafiletske porodice Hyainailouridae

Vidi još

Reference

^ Jorge Morales; Martin Pickford (2017). „New hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) and Grillental (Namibia)” (PDF). Fossil Imprint. 73 (3–4): 332—359. doi:10.2478/if-2017-0019. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 08. 04. 2023. г. Приступљено 24. 07. 2022.
^ A. V. Lavrov (1999.) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].
^ R. J. G. Savage (1965.) "Fossil Mammals of Africa: The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 10(8):241-316
^ L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Приступљено 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). „The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303—322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2017). „The first hyaenodont from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania: Paleoecological insights into the Paleogene-Neogene carnivore transition”. PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0185301. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285301B. PMC 5636082 . PMID 29020030. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185301.
^ Mahmood, K.; Abbad, S. G.; Jasinski, S. E.; Babar, M. A.; Khan, M. A. (2026). „Hyaenodonta from the Middle to Late Miocene deposits of the Siwaliks of Pakistan with a brief account of Indian subcontinent hyaenodonts”. PalZ. doi:10.1007/s12542-025-00766-5 .
^ H. F. Osborn (1909.) "New carnivorous mammals from the Fayûm Oligocene, Egypt." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 26:415-424
^ P. A. Holroyd (1999.) "New Pterodontinae (Creodonta: Hyaenodontidae) from the late Eocene-early Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum province, Egypt." PaleoBios 19(2):1-18
^ Stromer, E. (1926.) "Reste land und süsswasser bewohnender Wirbeltiere aus dem Diamentenfelden Deutsch Südwestafrikas." In: Kaiser, E. (ed.), "Die Diamantenwüste Südwestafrikas, vol. 2." Dietrich Reimer, Berlin, str. 107–153
^ R. J. G. Savage (1965.) "Fossil Mammals of Africa: The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 10(8):241-316
^ ^a ^b Morales, Jorge; Pickford, M.; Salesa, Manuel J. (2008). „Creodonta and Carnivora from the Early Miocene of the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia”. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Namibia. 20: 291—310.
^ J. Morales, M. Pickford and D. Soria (1998.) "A new creodont Metapterodon stromeri nov. sp. (Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of Langental (Sperrgebiet, Namibia)." Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie II. Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes 327(9):633-638.
^ Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
^ Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
^ Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.
^ Al-Ashqar, Shorouq F.; Borths, Matthew; El-Desouky, Heba; Heritage, Steven; Abed, Mohamed; Seiffert, Erik R.; El-Sayed, Sanaa; Sallam, Hesham M. (2025). „Cranial anatomy of the hypercarnivore Bastetodon syrtos gen. nov. (Hyaenodonta, Hyainailourinae) and a reevaluation of Pterodon in Africa”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 0 (0): e2442472. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2442472.

[Morales_&_Pickford,_2017-1] Jorge Morales; Martin Pickford (2017). „New hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) and Grillental (Namibia)” (PDF). Fossil Imprint. 73 (3–4): 332—359. doi:10.2478/if-2017-0019. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 08. 04. 2023. г. Приступљено 24. 07. 2022.

[Lavrov1999-2] A. V. Lavrov (1999.) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].

[3] R. J. G. Savage (1965.) "Fossil Mammals of Africa: The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 10(8):241-316

[4] L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284

[McKenna_&_Bell-5] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Приступљено 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[6] Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). „The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303—322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.

[7] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2017). „The first hyaenodont from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania: Paleoecological insights into the Paleogene-Neogene carnivore transition”. PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0185301. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285301B. PMC 5636082 . PMID 29020030. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185301.

[Mahmood2026-8] Mahmood, K.; Abbad, S. G.; Jasinski, S. E.; Babar, M. A.; Khan, M. A. (2026). „Hyaenodonta from the Middle to Late Miocene deposits of the Siwaliks of Pakistan with a brief account of Indian subcontinent hyaenodonts”. PalZ. doi:10.1007/s12542-025-00766-5 .

[9] H. F. Osborn (1909.) "New carnivorous mammals from the Fayûm Oligocene, Egypt." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 26:415-424

[10] P. A. Holroyd (1999.) "New Pterodontinae (Creodonta: Hyaenodontidae) from the late Eocene-early Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum province, Egypt." PaleoBios 19(2):1-18

[11] Stromer, E. (1926.) "Reste land und süsswasser bewohnender Wirbeltiere aus dem Diamentenfelden Deutsch Südwestafrikas." In: Kaiser, E. (ed.), "Die Diamantenwüste Südwestafrikas, vol. 2." Dietrich Reimer, Berlin, str. 107–153

[12] R. J. G. Savage (1965.) "Fossil Mammals of Africa: The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 10(8):241-316

[Morales2008-13] Morales, Jorge; Pickford, M.; Salesa, Manuel J. (2008). „Creodonta and Carnivora from the Early Miocene of the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia”. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Namibia. 20: 291—310.

[14] J. Morales, M. Pickford and D. Soria (1998.) "A new creodont Metapterodon stromeri nov. sp. (Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of Langental (Sperrgebiet, Namibia)." Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie II. Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes 327(9):633-638.

[Matthew2017-15] Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .

[Simbakubwa-16] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.

[Geodiversitas4213-17] Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

[hyaenodontsGeobios-18] Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.

[Maocyon-19] Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

[:0-20] Al-Ashqar, Shorouq F.; Borths, Matthew; El-Desouky, Heba; Heritage, Steven; Abed, Mohamed; Seiffert, Erik R.; El-Sayed, Sanaa; Sallam, Hesham M. (2025). „Cranial anatomy of the hypercarnivore Bastetodon syrtos gen. nov. (Hyaenodonta, Hyainailourinae) and a reevaluation of Pterodon in Africa”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 0 (0): e2442472. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2442472.

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