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Tetanus

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Tetanus
Maina a mangweLockjaw
Muscle spasms in severe tetanus (specifically opisthotonos). Painting by Sir Charles Bell, 1809.
SpecialtyInfectious disease
DikaiMuscle spasms, fever, headache[1]
Ditshimologo tse ditwaelesegileng3–21 days following exposure[1]
DurationMonths[1]
CausesClostridium tetani[2]
Risk factorsBreak in the skin[3]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms[1]
PreventionTetanus vaccine[1]
TreatmentTetanus immune globulin, muscle relaxants, mechanical ventilation[1][4]
Prognosis10% risk of death[1]
Frequency209,000 (2015)[5]
Deaths56,700 (2015)[6]

Tetanus, e gape e bidiwang go kitlana ga ditlhaga/Meno, ke mogare o o bakiwang ke dibakateria o o itshupang ka go ruruga ga mesifa.[1] Mo mofuteng o o tlwaelegileng thata, motlhoko jwa mesifa bo simolola mo ditlhageng mme di bo di tswelela go ya kwa mmeleng otlhe.[1] Botlhoko bongwe le bongwe gantsi bo tsaya metsotso e le mmalwa.[1] Di-spasm di diragala kgapetsakgapetsa mo dibekeng tse tharo go ya go tse nne.[1] Go ruruga go gongwe go ka nna maswe thata go ka roba marapo.[7] Matshwao a mangwe a tetanase a ka akaretsa letshoroma, go fufula, go opiwa ke tlhogo, mathata a go metsa, kgatelelo e kgolo ya madi, le go itaya ga pelo ka bonako.[1][7] Go simolola ga matshwao gantsi ke malatsi a le mararo go ya go a le masome a mabedi le bongwe morago ga tshwaetsego.[1] Go fola go ka tsaya dikgwedi.[1] Diphesente di ka nna lesome tsa dikgetse di itshupa di bolaya.[1]

Tetanase e bakwa ke tshwaetsego ya baketeria ya Clostridium tetani.[2] Setshedi seno gantsi se fitlhelwa mo mmung, mo matheng, mo leroleng le mo motshotelong.[3] Bolwetse ka kakaretso bo diragala ka go thubega ga letlalo jaaka ntho e e segilweng kgotsa e e phuntsweng ke selo se se kgotletsweng.[3] Botlhole jo bo ntshiwang ke C. tetani bo kgoreletsa go ngotlega ga mesifa go go tlwaelegileng.[4] Temogo e ikaegile ka matshwao le ditshupo tse di tlhagisang.[1] Bolwetse jo ga bo aname fa gare ga batho.[1]

Tetanase e ka thibelwa ka go entiwa ka moento wa tetanase.[1] Mo go ba ba nang le lebadi le le bonalang mme ba nnile le ditekanyetso tse di kwa tlase ga tse tharo tsa moento, go kgothalediwa go enta le tetanus immune globulin ka bobedi.[1] Lebadi le tshwanetse go phepafadiwa mme thishu nngwe le nngwe e e suleng e tshwanetse go ntshiwa.[1] Mo go ba ba tshwaeditsweng, go dirisiwa globulin ya masole a mmele a tetanus kgotsa, fa e seyo, go dirisiwa immunoglobulin e e tsenngwang mo ditshikaneng (IVIG).[1] Diokobatsi tsa mesifa e ka dirisiwa go laola di-spasm.[4] Go tsenya phefo ka semotšhini e ka nna ya tlhokega fa go hema ga motho go amega.[4]

Tetanus e tlhagelela mo dikarolong tsotlhe tsa lefatshe fela e bonwa kgapetsakgapetsa mo tlelaemeteng e e mogote le e e metsi fa mmu o nang le diteng tse di kwa godimo tsa ditshedi.[1] Ka 2015 go ne ga nna le ditshwaetsego di ka nna 209 000 le dintsho di ka nna 59 000 lefatshe ka bophara.[5][6] Se se kwa tlase go tswa go dintsho di le 356 000 ka 1990.[8] Kwa US go na le dikgetse di ka nna 30 ka ngwaga, mo e ka nnang tsotlhe ga di ise di kentiwe.[9] Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya bolwetse jono e ne ya dirwa ke Hippocrates mo lekgolong la bo5 la dingwaga BC.[1] Se se bakang bolwetse jono se ne sa tlhomamisiwa ka 1884 ke Antonio Carle le Giorgio Rattone kwa Yunibesithing ya Turin, mme go ne ga tlhamiwa moento ka 1924.[1]

Ditshupiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Atkinson, William (May 2012). Tetanus Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12 ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. 291–300. ISBN 9780983263135. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015. Tempolete:CDC
  2. 1 2 Barlow, Gavin; Irving, William L.; Moss, Peter J. (2020). "20. Infectious disease". In Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (in Sekgoa) (10th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 546–547. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5. Archived from the original on 2023-01-14. Retrieved 2023-01-14.
  3. 1 2 3 "Tetanus Causes and Transmission". www.cdc.gov. January 9, 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Tetanus For Clinicians". cdc.gov. January 9, 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  5. 1 2 Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  6. 1 2 Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  7. 1 2 "Tetanus Symptoms and Complications". cdc.gov. January 9, 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  8. ↑ Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
  9. ↑ "About Tetanus". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. United States Government. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
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