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Isithontolo

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Umlisa ongum-Obu udlala isithontolo e-Obubra, esifundazweni Cross River, eNigeria

'Isithontolo' (uluqwabe noma Umakhweyana) uyisilekeleli somculo esisetshenziswa abantu abaningi base-Afrika kanye nabantu bomdabu baseMelika.[1] Wenziwa ngenduku ehwexuzayo, ngokuvamile eyenziwe ngokhuni, eyimitha elilodwa kuya kwali-10 ubude, futhi iboshelwe entanjeni eqinile, ngokuvamile inkimbi. Singadlalwa ngezandla, utshani noma ngenduku yokhuni noma igatsha. Akucaci ukuthi isithontolo sasungulwa ngomnsalo wokuzingela, yize abaThwa (amaSan namaBushmen) bogwadule laseKalahari beguqula imicibisholo yabo yokuzingela isetshenziswe emculweni.[2]

Izinhlobo zesithontolo zihlanganisa esidlalwa ngomlomo, esidlalwa ngomhlaba, kanye nesithontolo esidlalwa ngeselwa esibizwa umakhweyana.[3][2]

uMlando

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Indian Musical bow in art
India, ca. 1725, Uhlobo lweBundi. Umculo ongokwasezulwini udlala isithontolo esinesihloko esifakiwe okhambeni lmnkenenezo.[4]
engraving of cave wall art
Umdwebo wesigcawu sasemgedeni obizwa Trois Frères, ibonisa othile ophethe isithontolo.

Kunokuqagula ukuthi umnsalo wokucibishela yiwona owasetshenziswa okokuqala ngesilekeleli somculo eminyakeni eyizi-13,000 edlule.[5] UHenri Breuil wahlola iMigede eseFrance ebizwa Trois Frères futhi wavuselela umgwedo womdwebo ineminyaka eyizi-13,000 B.C. ubudala.[6] Umgwedo wakhe uveza othile ochazwa ngokuthi, "umlisa ozifihlile ofana nenyathi," ophakathi kwemihlambi eluswayo, "ulusa lemihlambi elokhu edlala isithontolo."[6][7][8] Lo mdwebo uyaphanjaniswa, futhi labo okudingeka bawukhiqize ngemibala egqamile, kusamele basebenze kakhulu ukuze kube imibala okuyiyona.[7][8] Kuncazelo ethi umfanekiso "womzingeli ongimbhili" uthatha umnsalo njengesithontolo, esisetshenziswa njengesilekeleli somculo elinomuci owodwa.[8][9]

Ukuthi isilekeleli esisemgedeni siyisithontolo noma umnsalo, abachazimculo bayazibiza ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi lesilekeleli yisoba esandulela ezikhona namuhla zohlobo okufanayo, zohlobo lwechordophone: njenge-lute, i-lyre, ihabhu (harp), ne-zither. Kodwa uCurt Sachs yena wathi kunezizathu ezinhle zokungathatgi iminsalo njengesithontolo.[10] Isizathu sokuqala ukuthi isithontolo zokuqala zazinobide obubgamagxatgu alishumi, okuzenza zingasebenzi ekuzingeleni, futhi "izithontolo aziyamaniswa nezinkolelo nemicikilisho yokuzingela."[10] Kodwa uSachs uthatha izithontolo njengezibalulekile.[11] Ubheka ubufakazi bonchachiso othi izithontolo zandulela ama-lute achomboziwe njengobunesisekelo.[11]

Izithontolo zidinga isinkeneneza, okulugubhu, okwenziwa ngoselwa noma umlomo womculi, ukuze kumele umsindo womculo.[10] Nakuba isithontolo singashaywa ngendlela esenza sikhiphe imisino eminingana, Kodwa zonke izilekeleli ezifaniselwe kuso zikhipha umsindo owodwa, umucu ngamunye.[10][12] Umucu ngamunye odlalwayo ukhipha umsindo owodwa, ngakho lapho kudlalwa eminye imicu, imisindo iyanda njengesilekeleli esiyihabhu, esinemicu eminingana nemisindo eminingana.[12] Okunye ucandululo kwenzeka lapho ihabhu lwenziwa luqombothe lube isilekeleli esibizwa bridge sokukhuphula imicu yomqala, kwase kwenziwa ilute.[13]

Izithontolo ziyasetshenziswa nanamuhla emasikweni amaningi. Ziyatholakala Eswatini, naseMadagascar, naseziqhingini Réunion. nangaphandle kweAfrika, njengoba eBrazili sibizwa berimbau, kukhona nohlobo olubizwa malunga (zombili zisuselwa kwesithibtolo saseAfrika).

kwelase-Africa

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musical bow
Isithontolo esibizwa Uhadi ngesiXhosa noma 'thomo' ngesiSuthu.
Umuduri musical bow
Isithontolo esibizwa Umuduri esisetshenziswa eBurundi naseRwanda esifana no-hadi lwaseNingizimu Afrika.
Izithontolo ezimbili esisebenzisa iselwa njengesinkeneneza, esinamathiselwe maphakathi nesilkeleli futhi zicindezlewa esiswini noma esifubeni, zombili zidlalwa ngenduku.

Ngenxa yesimo ezakhowa ngaso nezidlalwa ngaso, izithontolo ziyizilekeleli ezithulile, ngalokho zidinga isinkeneneza ukuze zinkeneneze. Isinkeneneza luvame ukuba iselwa (nalapho kudlalwa uhadi, umakhweyana, segankure, xitende, berimbau, njll.) noma umlomo womdlali (njengalapho kudlalwa umrhubhe, umqangala, tshihwana, xizambi, njll.)

Izithontolo ziyizilekeleli eziyonhloko zabeNgubi nabeSuthu, okungavantu baseNingizimu Afrika. Osomlando bakholwa ukuthi iningi lezithontolo zaqhamuka nabaThwa. Nakuba zihlukile izithontolo zingafani, zonke zinokufana okuthile: zidinga isinkeneneza namanothi amabili ayisisekelo:

Amanothi amandla yilawo ayisisekelo, ajulile ngomsindo womucu, kuyilapho amanothi aphezulu wona akhiqizea isinkeneneza.

Kukhona amanothi amabili ayisisekelo akhiqizwa izithontolo kukhona, avulekile (lapho umdlali engafushanisi noma athinte umucu) kube khona avalekile (lapho Umucu ufushaniswa noma umiswa isandla somdlali). Lama nothing amabili asuke esemucwini, okwenza ahlukaniswe noma miswe ngomuci oboshelwe eselweni, ikakhulu ku-makhweyana, xitende, berimbau, hungu, njll. Isiqubu phakathi kwamanothi avulekile navalekile sivame ukuthinta umvumo wonke.

Ezinye izilekeleli ezinamanothi angaphezu kwamabili, njengo-umakhweyana noma 'i-xitende zinamatuathu, kuyilapho i- tshihwana inamane.[14]

Amanye amagama

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Abaculi abangamaSamo base-Burkina Faso bedlala isithontolo, besebenzisa imilomo njengezinkenenezi. 1970–1971.

Izithontolo zaziwa ngamagama ahlukene ezolimo zaseNingizimu Afrika - amanye asho izithontolo esisebenzisa iselwa njengesinkenenea, amanye awalezo esisebenzisa umlomo:[14][15]

  • Ngesi-Akele: ngongo
  • NgesiKimbundu: hungu
  • NgesiNguni: makhoyane
  • NgesiPedi: lekope
  • NgesiSotho: lesiba, thomo, setolotolo
  • NgesiTepehuán: gat
  • NgesiTswana: segankure
  • NgesiTsonga: xizambi, xitende
  • Ngesimbundu: ombulumbumba
  • NgesiVenda: tshihwana, lugube, tshijolo
  • NgesiXhosa: uhadi, umrhubhe, umqunge, inkinge
  • NgesiZulu: umakhweyana, ugubu, umqangala, uluqwabe[16]
  • Ngesi!Kung: m'bolumbumba
  • NgesiLingala: tolo-tolo

Amaphatho

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  1. ↑ "Musical Bow". metmuseum.org.
  2. 1 2 Donald Keith Robotham. "African music Musical bows". britannica.com. https://www.britannica.com/art/African-music#ref519723.
  3. ↑ Nzewi, Meki and Nzewi, Odyke (2007). A Contemporary Study of Musical Arts: Informed by African Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Volume 1: The Root: Foundation, p. 108. African Minds. ISBN 9781920051624
  4. ↑ Joep Bor (1986–1987). "The Voice of the Sarangi, An Illustrated History of Bowing in India". National Center for Performing Arts Quarterly Journal. 15 & 16: 38–47. [Three issues of this quarterly journal were combined into one; Volume 15 (issues 3 and 4) and Volume 16 (issue 1).]
  5. ↑ Bo Lawergren (1988). "The Origin of Musical Instruments and Sounds". Anthropos (83 ed.). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. 83 (1/3): 36. JSTOR 40461485.
  6. 1 2 "Trois Freres Cave". Kulandwe ngomhlaka March 27, 2015. Henri Breuil surveyed the cave... a detailed study was published by H.Breuil and R.Begouen of the hundreds of engraved drawings in the deep gallery known as the "Sanctuary"...Its walls are filled with some 280 engraved (often superimposed) images of bison, horses, stags, reindeer, ibexes, and mammoths...
  7. 1 2 Garcia, Alfredo (5 October 2014). "EL ARTE RUPESTRE PALEOLÍTICO EN LAS CUEVAS FRANCESAS. LA CUEVA DE LASCAUX". algargosarte.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. [Concerning a pair of images below the text; the top image is a line drawing showing a herd of animals drawn over one another with the hunter and bow in the pack; the other image is a photo of the cave wall with that image, enhanced to show the hunter and animals directly in front of him distinctly:] En Les Trois Frères destacaría su estilo tan naturalista... Es famosa la escena que del hombre camuflado como un bisonte, ¿Un chamán o un cazador?, que persigue o conduce a otros animales y que he destacado del conjunto superpuesto de abajo. Unknown parameter |trans-quote= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  8. 1 2 3 Walter, Eugene Victor (1988). Placeways: A Theory of the Human Environment. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: UNC Press Books. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8078-1758-2. a semi-human figure dances in the midst of the animals...herding the beasts and playing a musical bow. He wears the head and fur of a bison with human legs...
  9. ↑ Campen, Ank van. "The music-bow from prehistory till today". HarpHistory.info. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Kulandwe ngomhlaka March 26, 2015. A cave-painting in the "Trois Frères" cave in France dating from about 15,000 years ago. The magician-hunter plays the musical bow.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Sachs, Curt (1940). The History of Musical Instruments. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 56–57. ISBN 9780393020687.
  11. 1 2 Sachs, Curt (1940). The History of Musical Instruments. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 136–137. ISBN 9780393020687.
  12. 1 2 Dumbrill, Richard J. (1998). The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East. London: Tadema Press. pp. 179, 231, 235–236, 308–310.
  13. ↑ (Dumbrill 1998, pp. 308–310)
  14. 1 2 Lucia, Christine (2005). The World of South African Music: A Reader. Cambridge Scholars Press. p. 239. ISBN 9781904303367.
  15. ↑ "Musical Bow". Archived from the original on 2015-09-26. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2015-01-22.
  16. ↑ Dargie, Dave (September 2001). Oehrle, Elizabeth, ed. "Magical Musical Bows". The Talking Drum. Digital Innovation South Africa (16).
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