Toni Morrison
| Toni Morrison | |
|---|---|
| Ganwyd | Chloe Ardelia Wofford 18 Chwefror 1931 Lorain |
| Bu farw | 5 Awst 2019 o niwmonia Y Bronx, Dinas Efrog Newydd |
| Man preswyl | Syracuse, Lorain, Dinas Efrog Newydd, Ohio |
| Dinasyddiaeth | |
| Addysg | Honorary Doctor of Letters, Meistr yn y Celfyddydau, Baglor yn y Celfyddydau |
| Alma mater |
|
| Galwedigaeth | ysgrifennwr, nofelydd, libretydd, academydd, bardd, awdur plant, llefarydd llyfrau, golygydd cyfrannog, young adult author, awdur ysgrifau |
| Swydd | Robert F. Goheen Professor in the Humanities |
| Cyflogwr | |
| Adnabyddus am | The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon, Beloved, Tar Baby, Jazz, Paradise, Love, A Mercy, Home, God Help the Child |
| Arddull | llenyddiaeth Affro-Americanaidd |
| Prif ddylanwad | Henry Dumas, Zora Neale Hurston, Doris Lessing, James Baldwin, William Faulkner, Virginia Woolf, Herman Melville |
| Mudiad | Black Arts Movement |
| Priod | Harold Morrison |
| Plant | Slade Morrison |
| Perthnasau | Cecilia Rouse |
| Gwobr/au | Gwobr Lenyddol Nobel, Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur, Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres, Gwobr Norman Mailer, Medal y Dyniaethau Cenedlaethol, Medal Nichols-Chancellor, Gwobr lenyddiaeth PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles, Gwobr Janet Heidinger Kafka, Gwobrau Llyfrau Americanaidd, Gwobr Llyfr Anisfield-Wolf, Gwobr Pulitzer am Ffuglen, Gwobr Helmerich, Gwobr y Gymanwlad am Wasanaeth Rhagorol, Darlith Jefferson, Gwobr delwedd NAACP am waith Llenyddol Arbennig, ffuglen, Medal Rhyddid yr Arlywydd, Chwedl Fyw Llyfrgell y Gyngres, Oriel yr Anfarwolion Ohio, Medal Langston Hughes, Neuadd Enwogion New Jersey, Doethor Anrhydeddus Prifysgol Paris-Sorbonne, Doethor Anrhydeddus Prifysgol Rhydychen, Doethor Anrhydeddus Prifysgol Geneva, Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction, Gwobr lenyddiaeth Carl Sandburg, National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction, Gwobr Cyflawniad Oes Ivan Sandrof, Audie Award for Narration by the Author or Authors, Coretta Scott King Award, Gradd er anrhydedd o Goleg Spelman, honorary doctorate from the University of Paris-VII, honorary doctorate from ENS |
| Gwefan | https://tonimorrisonsociety.org |
| llofnod | |
Awdures o'r Unol Daleithiau oedd Toni Morrison (18 Chwefror 1931 – 5 Awst 2019)[1] sy'n nodigedig am ei gwaith fel nofelydd, libretydd, academydd, bardd ac awdur llyfrau plant.
Cafodd ei geni yn Ninas Efrog Newydd (Lorain, Ohio) ar 18 Chwefror 1931. Wedi gadael yr ysgol mynychodd Brifysgol Howard a Phrifysgol Cornell.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Ymhlith y gwaith pwysig a nodedig yr ysgrifennodd y mae: The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon, Tar Baby, Beloved, Jazz, Paradise, Love, A Mercy, Home a God Help the Child. Enillodd Morrison Wobr Pulitzer a'r Wobr Llyfrau Americanaidd ym 1988 am Beloved (1987). Addaswyd y nofel yn ffilm o'r un enw (gyda Oprah Winfrey a Danny Glover yn serennu) ym 1998.
Dyfarnwyd Gwobr Llenyddiaeth Nobel i Morrison yn 1993.
Aelodaeth
[golygu | golygu cod]Bu'n aelod o Academi Celfyddydau a Llythyrau America, Academi Celf a Gwyddoniaeth America, Alpha Kappa Alpha am rai blynyddoedd. [13][14][15][16][17]
Anrhydeddau
[golygu | golygu cod]- Dros y blynyddoedd, derbyniodd nifer o anrhydeddau, gan gynnwys: Gwobr Lenyddol Nobel (1993), Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur, Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres, Gwobr Norman Mailer (2009), Medal y Dyniaethau Cenedlaethol (2000), Medal Nichols-Chancellor (2013), Gwobr lenyddiaeth PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles (2013), Gwobr Janet Heidinger Kafka (1977), Gwobrau Llyfrau Americanaidd (1988), Gwobr Llyfr Anisfield-Wolf (1988), Gwobr Pulitzer am Ffuglen (1988), Gwobr Helmerich (1988), Gwobr y Gymanwlad am Wasanaeth Rhagorol (1989), Darlith Jefferson (1996), Gwobr delwedd NAACP am waith Llenyddol Arbennig, ffuglen (2004), Medal Rhyddid yr Arlywydd (2012), Chwedl Fyw Llyfrgell y Gyngres, Oriel yr Anfarwolion Ohio (1982), Medal Langston Hughes (1981), Neuadd Enwogion New Jersey (2008), Doethor Anrhydeddus Prifysgol Paris-Sorbonne (2007), Doethor Anrhydeddus Prifysgol Rhydychen, Doethor Anrhydeddus Prifysgol Geneva, Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction (2011), Gwobr lenyddiaeth Carl Sandburg (2010), National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction (1977), Gwobr Cyflawniad Oes Ivan Sandrof (2014), Audie Award for Narration by the Author or Authors, Coretta Scott King Award (2005), Gradd er anrhydedd o Goleg Spelman (1978), honorary doctorate from the University of Paris-VII (1993), honorary doctorate from ENS (2003)[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] .
Cyfeiriadau
[golygu | golygu cod]- ↑ Yr awdures Toni Morrison wedi marw yn 88 oed , Golwg 360, 5 Awst 2019.
- ↑ Cyffredinol: Bibliothèque nationale de France (yn fr), ffeil awdurdod y BnF, dynodwr BnF 120171656, Wikidata Q19938912, https://data.bnf.fr/, adalwyd 10 Hydref 2015 (yn de) Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q23833686, https://portal.dnb.de/, adalwyd 13 Awst 2025
- ↑ Disgrifiwyd yn: Yolanda W. Page (2007) (yn en), Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers, Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, OL9393971W, Wikidata Q87409368 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-476-03702-2_256. retrieved: 31 Gorffennaf 2022.
- ↑ Rhyw: Bibliothèque nationale de France (yn fr), ffeil awdurdod y BnF, dynodwr BnF 120171656, Wikidata Q19938912, https://data.bnf.fr/, adalwyd 10 Hydref 2015 http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/books/21morr.html. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/04/books/04kaku.html. (yn en) Notable Names Database, dynodwr NNDB (person) 411/000023342, Wikidata Q1373513, https://www.nndb.com/ Yolanda W. Page (2007) (yn en), Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers, Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, OL9393971W, Wikidata Q87409368 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek; Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin; Bayerische Staatsbibliothek; Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Awstria (yn de), Gemeinsame Normdatei, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q36578, https://gnd.network/, adalwyd 21 Gorffennaf 2024
- ↑ Dyddiad geni: "Toni Morrison". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Cyrchwyd 9 Hydref 2017. "Toni Morrison, Towering Novelist of the Black Experience, Dies at 88". "Toni Morrison". BD Gest’. Cyrchwyd 9 Hydref 2017. "Toni Morrison". ISFDB. Cyrchwyd 9 Hydref 2017. "Toni MORRISON". NooSFere. Cyrchwyd 9 Hydref 2017. "Toni Morrison". Brockhaus Enzyklopädie. "Toni Morrison". The Fine Art Archive. "Toni Morrison". ffeil awdurdod y BnF. "Toni Morrison". Vegetti Catalog of Fantastic Literature. "Toni Morrison". AlKindi. "Toni Morrison". Babelio. "Toni Morrison". Munzinger Personen. Cyrchwyd 9 Hydref 2017. (yn en) Find a Grave, Wikidata Q63056, https://www.findagrave.com/, adalwyd 19 Mehefin 2024 (yn nb, nn) Store norske leksikon, ISSN 2464-1480, dynodwr Store norske leksikon Toni_Morrison, Wikidata Q746368, https://snl.no, adalwyd 18 Hydref 2026
- ↑ Dyddiad marw: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/aug/06/toni-morrison-author-and-pulitzer-winner-dies-aged-88. retrieved: 6 Awst 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/06/books/toni-morrison-dead.html. "Toni Morrison". AlKindi. "Toni Morrison". Babelio. abART, dynodwr abART (person) 139870, Wikidata Q107456632, http://isabart.org, adalwyd 1 Ebrill 2021 "Toni Morrison". Munzinger Personen. Cyrchwyd 9 Hydref 2017. (yn en) Find a Grave, Wikidata Q63056, https://www.findagrave.com/, adalwyd 19 Mehefin 2024 (yn nb, nn) Store norske leksikon, ISSN 2464-1480, dynodwr Store norske leksikon Toni_Morrison, Wikidata Q746368, https://snl.no, adalwyd 18 Hydref 2026
- ↑ Man geni: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/06/books/toni-morrison-dead.html. (yn nb, nn) Store norske leksikon, ISSN 2464-1480, dynodwr Store norske leksikon Toni_Morrison, Wikidata Q746368, https://snl.no, adalwyd 18 Hydref 2026
- ↑ Man claddu: (yn en) Find a Grave, dynodwr Find a Grave (bedd) 201875354, Wikidata Q63056, https://www.findagrave.com/, adalwyd 10 Mehefin 2024
- ↑ Achos marwolaeth: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/06/books/toni-morrison-dead.html.
- ↑ Enw genedigol: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/06/books/toni-morrison-dead.html. retrieved: 15 Medi 2023.
- ↑ Grwp ethnig: Yolanda W. Page (2007) (yn en), Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers, Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, OL9393971W, Wikidata Q87409368 Jessie Carney Smith (yn en), Notable Black American Women, Wikidata Q105958972 (yn en) BlackPast.org, Wikidata Q30049687, https://www.blackpast.org
- ↑ Crefydd: Nick Ripatrazone (2 Mawrth 2020). "On the Paradoxes of Toni Morrison's Catholicism". Literary Hub (yn Saesneg). Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar
|archive-url=requires|archive-date=(help). Cyrchwyd 17 Awst 2023.Toni Morrison converted to Catholicism in 1943, while a 12-year-old student at Hawthorne Junior High School in Lorain, Ohio.
- ↑ Alma mater: (yn en) Encyclopædia Britannica, dynodwr Encyclopædia Britannica Online biography/Toni-Morrison, Wikidata Q5375741, https://www.britannica.com/ https://www.neh.gov/about/awards/national-humanities-medals/toni-morrison. retrieved: 6 Awst 2017. (yn en) Encyclopædia Britannica, dynodwr Encyclopædia Britannica Online biography/Toni-Morrison, Wikidata Q5375741, https://www.britannica.com/
- ↑ Man gwaith: (yn de) Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q23833686, https://portal.dnb.de/, adalwyd 13 Awst 2025 (yn de) Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q23833686, https://portal.dnb.de/, adalwyd 13 Awst 2025 (yn de) Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q23833686, https://portal.dnb.de/, adalwyd 13 Awst 2025 (yn de) Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q23833686, https://portal.dnb.de/, adalwyd 13 Awst 2025 (yn de) Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q23833686, https://portal.dnb.de/, adalwyd 13 Awst 2025
- ↑ Galwedigaeth: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/LNR9vCvV553p5qcZ7L1kD9/author-collection. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/29/nyregion/ambition-in-words-and-images.html. http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/191932/Toni-Morrison-A-Writer-s-Work/overview. abART, dynodwr abART (person) 139870, Wikidata Q107456632, http://isabart.org, adalwyd 1 Ebrill 2021 Lina Mainiero; Langdon Lynne Faust (1979) (yn en), American Women Writers, Wikidata Q106787730 (yn de) Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q23833686, https://portal.dnb.de/, adalwyd 13 Awst 2025 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek; Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin; Bayerische Staatsbibliothek; Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Awstria (yn de), Gemeinsame Normdatei, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q36578, https://gnd.network/, adalwyd 20 Ebrill 2026 external ID: 201875354. (yn de) Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q23833686, https://portal.dnb.de/, adalwyd 13 Awst 2025 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek; Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin; Bayerische Staatsbibliothek; Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Awstria (yn de), Gemeinsame Normdatei, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q36578, https://gnd.network/, adalwyd 20 Ebrill 2026 http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/african_american_review/v044/44.4.roynon.pdf. http://www.poemhunter.com/toni-morrison/quotations/. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/the-news/reporting/2008/01/24/. https://catalogue.bnf.fr/affiner.do?motRecherche=&index=AUT3&numNotice=12017165&listeAffinages=FacFonctAuteur_1110&afficheRegroup=false&trouveDansFiltre=NoticePUB&nbResultParPage=10&triResultParPage=5&typeNotice=p. Národní autority České republiky, dynodwr NKC jo20010082967, Wikidata Q13550863, http://autority.nkp.cz/, adalwyd 15 Rhagfyr 2022 (yn de) Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q23833686, https://portal.dnb.de/, adalwyd 13 Awst 2025 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek; Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin; Bayerische Staatsbibliothek; Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Awstria (yn de), Gemeinsame Normdatei, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q36578, https://gnd.network/, adalwyd 20 Ebrill 2026 (yn de) Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q23833686, https://portal.dnb.de/, adalwyd 13 Awst 2025 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek; Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin; Bayerische Staatsbibliothek; Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Awstria (yn de), Gemeinsame Normdatei, GND 118911627, Wikidata Q36578, https://gnd.network/, adalwyd 20 Ebrill 2026
- ↑ Swydd: https://pr.princeton.edu/news/96/q4/1025toni.htm. retrieved: 5 Ionawr 2024.
- ↑ Anrhydeddau: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1993/morrison-facts.html. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/. https://nmcenter.org/mailer-prize/. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019. https://www.neh.gov/about/awards/national-humanities-medals/toni-morrison. retrieved: 6 Awst 2017. https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2013/05/09/toni-morrison-address/. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019. https://www.penoakland.com/awards-winners/. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019. https://rochester.edu/college/wst/SBAI/recipients.html. retrieved: 18 Chwefror 2016. http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/winners/winners-by-year/#year-1989. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019. https://www.pulitzer.org/news/memoriam-toni-morrison-1931-2019. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019. http://helmerichaward.org/winners.php. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019. https://www.chronicle.com/article/Toni-Morrison-to-Deliver-NEHs/96746. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/30/toni-morrison-presidential-medal-freedom. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019. https://www.loc.gov/about/awards-and-honors/living-legends/toni-morrison/. https://www.ohiohistory.org/research/archives-library/state-archives/ohio-womens-hall-of-fame/. https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/lhf/medallion-recipients. retrieved: 9 Hydref 2016. https://njhalloffame.org/hall-of-famers/2008-inductees/toni-morrison/. https://www.brown.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Final%20TextMorrison%20.pdf. https://www.chipublib.org/chicago-public-library-foundation-awards/. https://www.bookcritics.org/past-awards/1977/. https://www.bookcritics.org/past-awards/2014/. https://www.spelman.edu/docs/honorary-degrees/honorary-degree-recipients---1977-present---as-of-november-2022---revised-(012023).pdf?sfvrsn=f4347e51_2. http://legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000728511. Journal officiel de la République française. http://legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000405414. Journal officiel de la République française. https://www.ens.psl.eu/actualites/toni-morrison-0.
- ↑ http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1993/morrison-facts.html.
- ↑ https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/.
- ↑ https://nmcenter.org/mailer-prize/. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019.
- ↑ https://www.neh.gov/about/awards/national-humanities-medals/toni-morrison. retrieved: 6 Awst 2017.
- ↑ https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2013/05/09/toni-morrison-address/. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019.
- ↑ https://www.penoakland.com/awards-winners/. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019.
- ↑ https://rochester.edu/college/wst/SBAI/recipients.html. retrieved: 18 Chwefror 2016.
- ↑ http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/winners/winners-by-year/#year-1989. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019.
- ↑ https://www.pulitzer.org/news/memoriam-toni-morrison-1931-2019. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019.
- ↑ http://helmerichaward.org/winners.php. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019.
- ↑ https://www.chronicle.com/article/Toni-Morrison-to-Deliver-NEHs/96746. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019.
- ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/30/toni-morrison-presidential-medal-freedom. retrieved: 7 Awst 2019.
- ↑ https://www.loc.gov/about/awards-and-honors/living-legends/toni-morrison/.
- ↑ https://www.ohiohistory.org/research/archives-library/state-archives/ohio-womens-hall-of-fame/.
- ↑ https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/lhf/medallion-recipients. retrieved: 9 Hydref 2016.
- ↑ https://njhalloffame.org/hall-of-famers/2008-inductees/toni-morrison/.
- ↑ https://www.brown.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Final%20TextMorrison%20.pdf.
- ↑ https://www.chipublib.org/chicago-public-library-foundation-awards/.
- ↑ https://www.bookcritics.org/past-awards/1977/.
- ↑ https://www.bookcritics.org/past-awards/2014/.
- ↑ https://www.spelman.edu/docs/honorary-degrees/honorary-degree-recipients---1977-present---as-of-november-2022---revised-(012023).pdf?sfvrsn=f4347e51_2.
- ↑ http://legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000728511. Journal officiel de la République française.
- ↑ http://legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000405414. Journal officiel de la République française.
- ↑ https://www.ens.psl.eu/actualites/toni-morrison-0.
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